John Miller
Mushrooms have been valued for their nutritional and culinary value for a long time. They are also increasingly being used for their medicinal properties, with some studies suggesting that they may have health benefits such as improved immune function, reduced inflammation, and better brain function. There are a wide variety of mushroom supplements available, with over 200 types of mushrooms believed to have medicinal effects. However, research on the health claims of mushroom supplements is still limited, and they are not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for medicinal use. This paragraph will explore the topic of medicinal mushroom supplements, including their potential benefits, the current state of research, and any precautions that may need to be considered.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Medicinal mushroom supplements | Reishi, Lion's Mane, Cordyceps, Agaricus blazei Murrill (sun mushroom), Turkey Tail, Oyster, Phellinus linteus, Shiitake, Maitake, and more |
| Uses | Cancer treatment, immune system support, stress reduction, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antiviral, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, osteoprotective, hypotensive, digestive, hepatoprotective, cholesterol reduction, heart health, metabolic health, etc. |
| Side effects and risks | Reishi mushrooms may lower blood pressure and blood sugar; not recommended for those with bleeding disorders, pregnant or breastfeeding people. |
| Availability | Powders, extracts, whole form, capsules, nutraceuticals, mycopharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, supplements, etc. |
| Effectiveness | Research is limited, and the U.S. FDA does not approve mushroom supplements for medicinal use. However, some studies suggest potential health benefits. |
| Recommendation | Consult a doctor or healthcare professional before taking any mushroom supplements, especially if you have a medical condition or are on medication. |
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What You'll Learn
Medicinal mushrooms and cancer treatment
Mushrooms have been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine to treat various illnesses and infections. In recent times, they have become popular dietary supplements, with over 200 types of mushrooms believed to have medicinal properties.
Medicinal mushrooms are used as an adjunct to standard cancer treatments in Japan and China, where they have been safely used for many years. Turkey tail (Trametes versicolor or Coriolus versicolor), for example, is used in Japan as an immune-boosting supplement for patients undergoing cancer treatment. Polysaccharide K (PSK), an active compound in turkey tail mushrooms, has been used as adjuvant therapy in thousands of cancer patients since the 1970s, with few side effects reported. Maitake (Grifola frondosa) is another mushroom used in traditional Asian medicine, often to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and make it more effective. It is most effective against breast, prostate, and liver cancer.
Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) is one of the most widely used medicinal mushrooms, featuring in the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and Therapeutic Compendium. It is also used as an adjuvant in the treatment of various types of cancer. A Cochrane review of five RCTs concluded that reishi could be administered as an adjuvant to conventional treatment, given its potential to enhance tumour response and stimulate the immune system. However, it is important to note that reishi may lower blood pressure and blood sugar, and thus should not be taken with blood pressure or diabetes medication. Moreover, reishi should not be used by individuals with bleeding disorders, those undergoing surgery, or those who are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) mushrooms are the second most cultivated and popular edible mushroom globally. The polysaccharide extract active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) from shiitake mushrooms has been tested in several human trials. In one trial, advanced cancer patients who were given 3g of AHCC per day for one month showed a 2.5 times increase in natural killer cell activity, and over half had a tumour response. Shiitake extracts are generally considered safe, although there are some reports of diarrhoea or bloating.
While medicinal mushrooms show promise in cancer treatment, it is important to consult an oncology team before taking any mushroom supplements.
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Mental health benefits
Mushrooms have been used for their healing and medicinal properties for centuries in Ancient Rome, Ancient China, and Central America. Lion's Mane mushrooms, in particular, have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for a long time. Modern science has revealed that mushrooms contain bioactive compounds that can influence brain chemistry, particularly adaptogens, which help the body resist various kinds of stressors.
Lion's Mane mushrooms have been found to stimulate the production of nerve growth factor (NGF), which can help boost cognitive function, enhance mental clarity, and potentially reduce anxiety. A study showed that supplementation with Lion's Mane significantly improved cognitive test scores in individuals with mild Alzheimer's disease symptoms. Another study found that younger adults who took capsules of lion's mane mushroom powder showed improved mental performance speed. Additionally, a study on Japanese women with various health conditions, including menopausal symptoms and poor sleep, found that those who consumed cookies made with lion's mane extracts reported lower levels of depressive symptoms and stress compared to the placebo group.
Reishi mushrooms are also considered effective in managing anxiety due to their adaptogenic properties, which help balance stress hormones and support the body's natural ability to relax.
Psilocybin, or 'magic mushrooms', is a fungal metabolite that has attracted increased attention from media outlets, clinicians, and researchers in recent years. It interacts with serotonin receptors in the brain to trigger various psychedelic effects, including euphoria, changes in perception, and spiritual experiences. A growing body of research suggests that, when administered in controlled conditions with supportive therapy, psilocybin may be useful for treating various psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and nicotine and alcohol dependence. However, it is important to note that psilocybin may worsen the symptoms of certain conditions like personality disorders and schizophrenia.
While medicinal mushrooms show promising mental health benefits, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional before incorporating mushroom supplements into your routine, especially if you have existing health conditions or are taking medication.
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Cardiovascular health
While the evidence is not yet conclusive, there are suggestions that edible mushrooms may have a positive impact on cardiovascular health. Mushrooms have been used in traditional medicine practices in China and Japan for thousands of years, and they are now being investigated by researchers for their potential health benefits.
Nutritional Value
Edible mushrooms are known to have a high nutritional value, including high protein content, essential amino acids, fibre, vitamins (B1, B2, B12, C, and D), and minerals (calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, copper, iron, manganese, and selenium). They are also low in fat and sodium.
Cardiovascular Benefits
Some studies suggest that consuming mushrooms may positively impact cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure and improving lipid profiles. Mushrooms may also lower blood triglycerides and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, a marker of inflammation that helps predict cardiovascular events like heart attacks and strokes.
One of the key components in mushrooms is ergothioneine, an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory amino acid. Ergothioneine is linked to lower triglyceride levels and may help prevent the formation of arterial plaque, a key factor in heart disease. It inhibits monocyte binding to endothelial cells, which is characteristic of early cardiovascular disease.
Types of Mushrooms
The following types of mushrooms have been specifically mentioned for their potential cardiovascular benefits:
- Oyster mushrooms have been found to reduce blood glucose and cholesterol in diabetic subjects.
- Shiitake mushrooms are a good source of B vitamins, copper, selenium, and antioxidants, and they contain compounds that support healthy cholesterol levels.
- Ganoderma lucidum (also known as lingzhi or reishi) has been consumed in Asia for its medicinal properties for over 2000 years and is now being used in the West as a complementary treatment for cardiovascular health.
Overall Assessment
While the research is promising, the evidence is not yet conclusive. More detailed and carefully controlled studies are needed to determine the direct impact of mushroom consumption on cardiovascular health. However, given their nutritional value and potential health benefits, mushrooms are considered a healthy addition to one's diet.
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Blood sugar and diabetes
Mushrooms are a low-calorie, low-carb food packed with selenium, B vitamins, and polysaccharides (a type of fibre). They are considered a low glycemic index (GI) and low glycemic load (GL) food, which means they won't cause a spike in blood sugar levels.
Research suggests that the polysaccharides in mushrooms may contribute to lowering blood sugar. In one study, the polysaccharides in Lion's Mane mushrooms were found to be effective in controlling blood sugar in rats with induced diabetes. Another study found that white button mushrooms, as a prebiotic food, could be used to manage diabetes by regulating glucose production. Additionally, lectins isolated from Agaricus campestris and A. bisporus stimulated insulin release in rat pancreatic tissues, and Pleurotus ostreatus ethanolic extract decreased blood glucose levels in diabetic mice.
While the research on the benefits of medicinal mushrooms for diabetics is limited, early findings are promising. Mushrooms can be a healthy part of a diabetes-friendly diet, but they should not be the sole focus of a diabetes management strategy. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional to create a diet plan that includes mushrooms alongside other nutritious foods.
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Cholesterol and weight loss
Medicinal mushrooms have been used in traditional Asian medicine for centuries and are now being studied for their potential health benefits, including their ability to influence cholesterol levels and aid in weight loss.
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance found in all the cells of the body and plays a vital role in maintaining health. While the liver produces enough cholesterol to meet the body's requirements, it is also obtained from animal-based foods such as meat, dairy, and eggs. High cholesterol levels can increase the risk of cardiovascular problems.
Mushrooms have been shown to have cholesterol-lowering properties, particularly in overweight adults. They contain compounds that interfere with cholesterol absorption into the bloodstream and influence its synthesis in the liver. Specific mushroom varieties, such as shiitake, oyster, maitake, and king oyster, are known to have higher amounts of beneficial compounds and are safe to consume even when taking cholesterol medication.
Weight Loss
Mushrooms are low in calories, fat, and sodium, making them an excellent substitute for meat in recipes. They can help reduce total cholesterol intake and contribute to a healthy diet. Additionally, they are a good source of protein, keeping you satiated for longer and aiding in weight loss efforts.
Overall Health Benefits
Mushrooms are a storehouse of antioxidants, protein, vitamins, and minerals that can boost overall health. They help prevent chronic diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's, diabetes, and high blood pressure. They also contribute to gut health, boost immunity, and provide anti-inflammatory benefits.
Incorporating a variety of mushrooms into your diet can be a delicious and nutritious way to promote holistic health and potentially lower cholesterol levels and support weight loss. However, it is always advisable to consult a healthcare professional before starting any new dietary regimen.
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Frequently asked questions
Medicinal mushrooms are mushrooms that are used for their health benefits and medicinal properties. They have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries and are now available in the form of dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, and mycotherapy products.
Medicinal mushrooms are said to have a wide range of health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, neuroprotective, and immunomodulating properties. They are also used to help manage stress and improve mental health. Some studies suggest that certain types of mushrooms, such as Lion's Mane and Reishi, can improve brain function and boost memory.
Medicinal mushrooms are generally considered safe, but it is important to note that they are not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for medicinal use. It is always recommended to consult a healthcare professional before taking any supplements, especially if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, or taking other medications.
Popular types of medicinal mushrooms include Reishi, Turkey Tail, Lion's Mane, Shiitake, and Cordyceps. Reishi mushrooms are known for their potential immune-boosting and anti-cancer properties. Turkey Tail mushrooms are also used to support the immune system, especially in individuals undergoing cancer treatment. Lion's Mane is believed to support brain function and nerve tissue growth. Shiitake mushrooms help maintain healthy cholesterol levels and support cardiovascular health. Cordyceps supplements are often used to enhance energy and athletic performance.
When choosing a medicinal mushroom supplement, it is important to look for products with minimal fillers and added ingredients. Opt for concentrated extracts over powder forms, and look for labels that indicate "hot water extracted" or the presence of triterpenoid compounds and active polysaccharides. It is also recommended to purchase from reputable brands that verify their products for quality through third-party laboratories.
