Laura Smith
Medicinal mushrooms have been used for thousands of years, particularly in Asian countries, for their health benefits and pharmacological activities. They are now available in capsule, powder, and tincture form as supplements. While these supplements are generally safe for most people when consumed in recommended dosages, they are not appropriate for children. Certain groups of people should also exercise caution or consult a doctor before consuming mushroom supplements, including those with autoimmune diseases, mushroom allergies, or low blood pressure, and those who are pregnant or breastfeeding.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Safety | Generally safe for most people when consumed in recommended dosages. |
| Safety Precautions | Not suitable for children under 7. Not recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women, and people with autoimmune diseases, mushroom allergies, or low blood pressure. |
| Side Effects | May cause allergic reactions, dizziness, itchiness, rash, headaches, stomach upset, nosebleeds, bloody stools, and increased risk of bleeding. |
| Health Benefits | May improve immune health, stress relief, mental focus, and cognitive function. |
| Nutritional Benefits | Rich in vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and B6), essential minerals (manganese, zinc, potassium), and antioxidants. |
| Types | Reishi, Lion's Mane, Shiitake, Maitake, Agaricus blazei, Cordyceps. |
| Forms | Powder, capsules, tinctures, tablets, teas, and functional foods. |
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What You'll Learn
Side effects of mushroom capsules
While mushroom supplements are believed to offer numerous health benefits, they may also cause several side effects. It is important to note that the side effects may vary depending on the type of mushroom and the individual taking the supplement. Here are some potential side effects associated with mushroom capsules:
Allergic Reactions
Mushroom supplements may trigger allergic reactions in individuals with allergies to fungi. These reactions can include skin rashes, itching, and respiratory issues such as breathing problems.
Interactions with Medications
Certain types of mushroom supplements, such as reishi and chaga, can interact with medications. For example, reishi mushrooms may increase the risk of bleeding, especially when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs. They may also lower blood pressure, which can be risky for individuals taking blood pressure medications. Additionally, reishi mushrooms may affect blood sugar levels, which is a concern for those taking diabetes medications.
Nausea and Vomiting
Some mushroom supplements have been associated with nausea and vomiting. For example, a study on patients undergoing chemotherapy found that a supplement containing mushroom extract reduced these side effects compared to a placebo.
Increased Muscle Pain
The same study mentioned above also reported increased muscle pain in patients taking the mushroom supplement.
Gastrointestinal Issues
Mushroom capsules may cause gastrointestinal discomfort, including diarrhea and dizziness.
Other Potential Risks
It is recommended that individuals who are pregnant, nursing, or have pre-existing medical conditions consult with a healthcare provider before taking mushroom supplements. Additionally, those with bleeding disorders or planning to undergo surgery should exercise caution due to the potential impact of mushroom supplements on blood clotting.
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Safety regulations and clinical trials
The safety and efficacy of mushroom supplements is a growing area of interest for the scientific community. While the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not require manufacturers to prove safety and efficacy, products must have a history of safe use. The FDA has, however, expressed concern about the use of raw or incompletely composted animal manure that may contain human pathogens, which can cause crop contamination. The FDA also requires periodic monitoring of the quality of pre- and post-harvest agricultural water.
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) sets the rules for the use of nutritional health and disease risk reduction claims, requiring toxicological data. Since 2011, a new "botanical" can only be registered as a food supplement and not an actual drug, falling under EU Regulation No. 1924/2006.
In terms of clinical trials, there have been several studies investigating the effects of mushroom supplements on various health conditions. For example, a phase I clinical trial was conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose of mushroom preparation (500 mg lyophilized mycelial powder/capsule) for women with breast cancer after standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The trial found that all three doses (3, 6, or 9 g/day) were well tolerated, with mostly mild adverse events reported. Another uncontrolled study investigated the effect of oyster mushroom capsules on the lipid profile of obese or overweight hypertensive non-diabetic subjects. The results showed a significant decrease in plasma TC and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels after taking 3 g/d for 3 months, suggesting a potential benefit for obese hypertensive individuals.
It is important to note that the majority of clinical trials on mushroom supplements have been small and focused on safety and tolerability, even though the safety profile of psilocybin, a compound found in some mushrooms, has been well-established for decades. There have been over 130 clinical trials listed on ClinicalTrials.gov for psilocybin, a psychedelic with potential mental health benefits, but none have enrolled individuals under the age of 18. This is despite the fact that 1 in 6 youths aged 6-17 experience a mental health disorder each year in the US, highlighting the need for future trials in this age group if adult trials demonstrate sufficient safety.
Overall, while mushroom supplements are generally considered safe for adults when consumed in recommended dosages, it is important to source them from reputable manufacturers and consult a healthcare provider if you have any underlying health conditions, are pregnant or breastfeeding, or are taking immunosuppressive medications.
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Risks for specific groups
Mushroom supplements are generally safe for most people when consumed in recommended dosages. However, certain groups may need to exercise caution or avoid mushroom supplements altogether.
Pregnant or Breastfeeding Women
Pregnant or breastfeeding women should avoid consuming mushroom supplements, especially Reishi mushrooms, as there has not been sufficient research on their safety during these periods.
Individuals with Autoimmune Diseases or Allergies
People with autoimmune diseases or mushroom allergies should approach mushroom supplements with caution. It is important to consult a healthcare professional before consuming any supplements to ensure safety.
People on Medications
Those taking medications, particularly blood pressure medications, diabetes medications, anticoagulants, or antiplatelet drugs, should exercise caution. Mushroom supplements, specifically Reishi mushrooms, may interact with these medications and increase the risk of bleeding. It is crucial to consult a healthcare provider before combining supplements with any pharmaceutical drugs.
Children
Mushroom supplements are generally not recommended for children under seven years old, as their immune systems are still developing, and mushrooms interact with immune function.
Individuals with Specific Health Conditions
People with specific health conditions, such as low blood pressure or immune system disorders, should be cautious when consuming mushroom supplements, especially Reishi mushrooms. It is always advisable to consult a healthcare professional before taking any supplements to ensure they are suitable for your individual needs.
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Benefits of mushroom capsules
Mushrooms have been used for centuries in Chinese medicine and are now available in various supplement forms, including capsules. While research on the specific benefits of mushroom capsules is limited, studies have shown that mushrooms offer a range of health benefits, and capsules are an easy and convenient way to access these benefits without having to cook or eat the mushrooms.
Mushroom capsules are often made from dried and milled mushrooms, providing a concentrated dose of the mushroom's nutrients. Some of the most popular mushroom varieties used in capsules include reishi, turkey tail, shiitake, lion's mane, and cordyceps.
Immune Support
Mushrooms are a rich source of naturally occurring polysaccharides, which have been shown to directly support immune health. The polysaccharides in mushrooms can stimulate the growth of healthy bacteria in the colon and encourage the production of immune cells, including natural killer cells and cytotoxic T-cells. Vitamin D, found in mushrooms, also boosts immune function and reduces inflammation.
Cancer Prevention
Research suggests that consuming mushrooms may lower the risk of cancer. A review of 17 cancer studies found that eating just 18 grams of mushrooms daily may reduce cancer risk by up to 45%. Mushrooms are also being studied for their potential cancer-fighting properties during treatment. For example, turkey tail mushrooms are approved in Japan as an immune-boosting supplement for individuals undergoing cancer treatment.
Cognitive Function
Lion's mane mushrooms, in particular, have been shown to have cognitive benefits. Studies indicate that lion's mane can stimulate the growth of brain cells and improve mental performance. In one study, older adults with mild cognitive impairment showed temporary improvement on cognitive tests after taking lion's mane powder.
Stress Reduction
Adaptogenic mushrooms, such as maitake, are believed to help the body adapt to stress. Maitake has been used historically as a tonic and adaptogen, and it contains substances that are thought to invigorate and strengthen the body's stress response.
Heart Health
Lion's mane mushrooms may also benefit the heart and blood vessels. They contain a compound called hericenone B, which can decrease the rate of blood clotting and lower the risk of heart attack or stroke. Additionally, studies in animals suggest that lion's mane can improve fat metabolism and lower triglyceride levels, which are risk factors for heart disease.
While the benefits of mushroom capsules are promising, it is important to note that more rigorous human studies are needed to confirm their safety and effectiveness in treating specific conditions.
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Types of mushroom capsules
Mushroom capsules are a convenient way to consume mushrooms without having to cook or prepare them. They are typically made from dried and milled mushrooms and are sold as capsules or powders. While some mushroom powders can be added to food or beverages, capsules are a mess-free and convenient alternative.
There are various types of mushroom capsules available, with some containing extracts from a single type of mushroom, while others combine extracts from several different types. Here are some of the most common types of mushrooms used in capsules:
- Lion's Mane: These mushrooms are known for their potential brain and heart health benefits. Studies have shown that lion's mane mushroom supplements may improve cognitive function and slow the progression of Alzheimer's symptoms. However, the FDA has warned against claiming that lion's mane can treat brain injuries or reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression.
- Reishi: Also known as Ganoderma lucidum, reishi mushrooms have been used in traditional medicine to treat various conditions such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and diabetes. They are also believed to provide stress reduction and immunity support.
- Turkey Tail: With the scientific name Trametes versicolor or Coriolus versicolor, turkey tail mushrooms have been a part of traditional Chinese medicine for treating lung conditions. They are approved in Japan as an immune-boosting supplement for individuals with cancer.
- Shiitake: Shiitake mushrooms, or Lentinula edodes, are known for their potential immune-boosting properties. They may also protect against viral infections, including COVID-19. Additionally, shiitake mushrooms are a good source of vitamin B6.
- Maitake: Maitake mushrooms are another source of vitamin D, which is essential for immune function and reducing inflammation. They also contain ergothioneine, an amino acid with antioxidant properties that can prevent or slow cellular damage.
- Other Varieties: Other types of mushrooms used in capsules include oyster, king oyster, golden, white button, portobello, cremini, and portabella mushrooms. These mushrooms are also associated with various health benefits, such as lowering the risk of cancer and reducing sodium intake.
It is important to note that while mushroom capsules may offer health benefits, they should be used with caution. Some mushroom varieties may cause allergic reactions or interact with certain medications. It is always advisable to consult with a healthcare professional before incorporating mushroom supplements into your diet.
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Frequently asked questions
No, mushroom capsules are not safe for everyone. Individuals with certain health conditions, such as autoimmune diseases, mushroom allergies, or low blood pressure should exercise caution. Pregnant or breastfeeding women and people on immunosuppressive or anticoagulant medications should also consult their health care provider before using mushroom supplements.
No, mushroom supplements are not recommended for children under 7 as their immune systems are still developing.
For most people, taking mushroom capsules daily is considered safe when consumed in recommended dosages. However, it is essential to follow the manufacturer’s guidelines and consult with your health care provider if you have an underlying health condition.
It is advised to avoid using mushroom capsules if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, as there hasn't been enough research on their safety in these circumstances.
