John Miller
Mushrooms are a diverse group of fungi, with over 1,500,000 varieties on Earth. Some are edible, some are poisonous, and some, like psilocybin mushrooms, are hallucinogens and classified as drugs. In Islam, the general principle is that everything is halal unless stated as haram in the Quran and Sunnah. So, are mushrooms halal or haram?
Edible mushrooms that are non-toxic and do not cause intoxication are considered halal in Islam. However, it is important to exercise caution when consuming wild mushrooms as some varieties are poisonous. On the other hand, hallucinogenic mushrooms, such as psilocybin, are considered haram due to their intoxicating effects, similar to alcohol and other drugs, which are prohibited in Islam.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Edible Mushrooms | Halal |
| Magic Mushrooms/Psilocybin | Haram |
| Wild Mushrooms | Exercise caution |
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What You'll Learn
Edible mushrooms are halal
The Islamic Services of America (ISA), a leading halal certification and auditing organization in the United States, confirms that edible mushrooms are halal. ISA specifically mentions the Portobello (Agaricus bisporus) mushroom, the large, mature version of the common white button mushroom, as being halal and a versatile ingredient that can replace a burger patty.
Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) mushrooms, which are commonly used in East Asian cuisine, are also considered halal. These mushrooms are known for their culinary versatility and nutritional value, containing essential vitamins and minerals.
While edible mushrooms are generally considered halal, it is important to exercise caution when consuming wild mushrooms, as some varieties are poisonous and can be dangerous if consumed or even touched. Additionally, mushrooms that grow in unclean places, such as near sewage or a graveyard, are not considered halal by some experts.
It is worth noting that not all mushrooms are halal. Psilocybin, often referred to as "magic mushrooms," is considered haram due to its hallucinogenic and intoxicating effects, which can cause serious harm to both psychological and physical health.
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Magic mushrooms are haram
While most edible, non-toxic mushrooms are considered halal, magic mushrooms are haram.
Magic mushrooms, or psilocybin mushrooms, are hallucinogens that cause hallucinations, illusions, mental confusion, and aural and visual hallucinations. They are also classified as intoxicants, which are forbidden in Islam. The Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) said:
> “Every intoxicant is khamr and every intoxicant is haraam. Whoever drinks khamr in this world and dies when he is addicted to it and has not repented, will not drink it in the Hereafter.”
The consumption of magic mushrooms is prohibited in Islam due to their intoxicating and hallucinogenic effects. These effects can lead to negative consequences, such as physical lethargy, schizophrenia, and changes in perception.
While some may argue that magic mushrooms can be used for healing and spiritual experiences, it is important to note that the negative effects of these substances outweigh any potential benefits. As such, magic mushrooms are considered haram in Islam.
It is worth noting that the consumption of edible, non-toxic mushrooms is generally considered halal, as they are nutritious and contain healthy ingredients. However, care must be taken when consuming wild mushrooms, as some varieties are poisonous and can be harmful if consumed.
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Wild mushrooms can be dangerous
Mushrooms are halal in Islam. Sayyiduna Sa’id ibn Zayd narrates that he heard the Messenger of Allah say, “Mushroom is from the al-Mann, and its water is a cure for the eyes.” However, certain species of wild mushrooms are poisonous for human consumption, and some can even be deadly. Therefore, it is important to exercise caution and avoid consuming wild mushrooms unless one is absolutely certain that they are edible.
Another dangerous mushroom is the Jack O'Lantern mushroom, which can cause severe gastrointestinal distress. Its distinguishing feature is the presence of true gills instead of the folds found in non-toxic Chanterelles. Additionally, the gills of the Jack O'Lantern mushroom glow a soft greenish light in the dark, making it visually appealing but potentially harmful.
Some wild mushrooms may resemble edible species in terms of colour and general morphology, making it challenging for even experienced mycologists to differentiate between them. Therefore, it is crucial to familiarize oneself with both edible and toxic mushroom species before consuming any wild mushrooms. The Giant Puffball mushroom, for example, is considered edible only when fresh, with a firm exterior and completely white interior. Once the spores begin to develop, it is no longer safe for consumption.
It is worth noting that not all mushrooms affect everyone in the same way. Some individuals may experience allergies or sensitivities to certain mushrooms, so it is advisable to try a small amount of any new species before consuming a full meal. Additionally, while some mushrooms may be safe for adults, they could still be harmful to children or pets, so it is important to keep them away from areas where wild mushrooms are present.
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Microdosing vs tripping
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in microdosing and tripping on psilocybin-containing mushrooms. While microdosing involves taking a fraction of a regular dose (approximately 1/5 to 1/20 of a recreational dose), tripping involves consuming a full dose, leading to hallucinations and other psychological effects.
Microdosing vs. Tripping:
Effects:
Microdosing mushrooms are believed to enhance mood, creativity, concentration, and productivity without causing hallucinations. Some studies have reported improvements in mood, focus, and cognitive function among microdosers. However, other studies suggest that these effects may be primarily due to the "'expectancy effect,' where individuals expect to feel certain benefits from taking a substance. In contrast, tripping on mushrooms involves consuming a full dose, resulting in hallucinations and a significant alteration of perception, mood, and behaviour.
Safety:
Microdosing with psilocybin mushrooms is generally considered safe, and this substance has been used for centuries by indigenous peoples. However, it is important to obtain mushrooms from a trusted source as certain species of wild mushrooms can be poisonous. Tripping on mushrooms, on the other hand, can lead to a terrifying or even traumatic experience if the dosage is too high. Additionally, psychedelics like psilocybin can produce physiological tolerance, suggesting potential diminishing returns with repeated use.
Legality:
In terms of legality, psilocybin mushrooms remain illegal under federal law in the United States. However, some states and localities have taken steps to loosen laws and policies related to substance use, including psychedelics. This has contributed to the growing popularity of microdosing and tripping on mushrooms in the country.
Halal or Haram:
According to Islamic sources, the consumption of mushrooms is generally considered halal. However, there are differing opinions when it comes to intoxicating substances, such as psilocybin mushrooms. While some scholars argue that intoxicants are haram, others explore the potential spiritual benefits of psychedelics, including enlightenment and a different perception of life. It is important for individuals to make informed decisions and refer to specific Islamic rulings for detailed guidance on this matter.
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Mushrooms as medicine
Edible mushrooms are considered halal in Islam. However, there is a clear distinction between edible and poisonous mushrooms, with the latter being haram as they can lead to a painful death. Furthermore, intoxicating substances derived from certain mushrooms, such as psilocybin, are also considered haram due to their harmful effects on health and well-being.
Mushrooms have been used as medicine for thousands of years by various cultures. The Greek physician Hippocrates, around 450 BCE, classified the amadou mushroom as an effective anti-inflammatory and wound-healing agent. The amadou mushroom was also carried by Ötzi, the Ice Man, who lived approximately 5300 years ago, to aid his survival in the Alps of northern Italy. The alchemist Tao Hongjing, from the 5th century, described several medicinal mushrooms, including ling zhi and zhu ling, which were reportedly used by Shennong many centuries earlier.
The medicinal properties of mushrooms are likely due to their relationship with microbes, producing chemicals that are also active in humans. This coevolution with our environment has provided us with powerful medicines. For example, the First Peoples of North America used puffball mushrooms to heal wounds. Modern science has also recognized the value of mushrooms and has started to cultivate them for medicinal purposes, exploring the use of different solvents to unlock new active constituents.
The response to mushrooms is quite diverse, and they appear to have a greater impact on humans than plants. This may be because the animal kingdom is phylogenetically closer to mushrooms than plants. As a result, mushrooms offer enhanced medicinal benefits and provide a whole new range of active molecules that can be used in modern medicine.
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Frequently asked questions
No, only edible, non-toxic mushrooms are halal. Mushrooms that grow in unclean places like near sewage or a graveyard are not considered halal.
Yes, most edible mushrooms are halal. However, it is important to exercise caution as some varieties are poisonous.
No, psilocybin mushrooms are not halal as they are hallucinogens and intoxicants. However, some believe that microdosing psilocybin mushrooms is halal as there is no psychoactive effect.
Yes, Sayyiduna Sa’id ibn Zayd narrates that he heard the Messenger of Allah say, “Mushroom is from the al-Mann, and its water is a cure for the eyes.”
