Mushroom Consumption: Exploring Potential Side Effects

Mushrooms containing the hallucinogenic substance psilocybin, commonly known as magic mushrooms or shrooms, can have several side effects. While the effects of psilocybin vary widely and are often mild or moderate, some people may require medical treatment. The short-term effects of psilocybin mushrooms typically include euphoria, visual and auditory hallucinations, intensified emotions, an altered sense of time, and spiritual experiences. However, some people may experience unpleasant physical effects, such as nausea, excessive yawning, dilated pupils, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Psilocybin mushrooms are considered a Schedule I substance in the United States, indicating that they have a high potential for abuse and no recognized medical value. While they are not considered highly addictive, some individuals may develop a psychological dependence on the changes brought about by mushroom consumption. Furthermore, the risk of accidental poisoning exists due to the resemblance between psilocybin mushrooms and certain poisonous varieties.

Poisoning from picking the wrong type of mushroom

Mushroom poisoning is a serious issue that can occur when foragers misidentify a toxic mushroom species as edible. While some poisonous mushrooms emit an unpleasant smell, this is not always detectable by humans and, in any case, cooking them will not necessarily remove the toxins. Many mushroom toxins are not broken down by heat and some species contain very potent poisons that can lead to mortality even if symptoms are treated promptly.

There are only about 100 toxic mushroom species out of the vast number of mushroom species in existence. However, it can be very difficult to tell the difference between a toxic and non-toxic mushroom, and even professionals sometimes mistake one for the other. Poisonous mushrooms may closely resemble non-toxic species in terms of colour and general morphology. Some sources suggest that poisonous mushrooms have a pointed cap, turn rice red when boiled, or taste bad, but it is not safe to make a decision based on these characteristics alone.

Symptoms of mushroom poisoning can vary widely, from slight gastrointestinal discomfort to liver failure, kidney failure, and neurological issues. In some cases, symptoms may not appear for several hours after ingestion, and even longer for more severe symptoms to develop. If you suspect mushroom poisoning, it is important to seek medical attention immediately and, if possible, bring a sample of the mushroom that was ingested.

Short-term side effects, including nausea and dilated pupils

Mushrooms containing psilocybin, commonly known as "magic mushrooms" or "shrooms", are mostly illegal in the US and are classified as Schedule I substances by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). They are considered to have a high potential for abuse and are believed to serve no legitimate medical purpose. However, some research indicates that psilocybin mushrooms could be useful in treating some mental and behavioural health conditions.

Psilocybin mushrooms have a range of short-term side effects, including nausea and dilated pupils. Nausea is an early effect of consuming psilocybin mushrooms, typically occurring before the onset of hallucinations. It is often accompanied by excessive yawning. The "trip" or hallucinogenic effects usually begin about 30 to 45 minutes after consumption and can last up to 6 hours.

Dilated pupils, also known as mydriasis, refer to the condition where the black center of the eyes, or pupils, becomes larger than normal. This can occur naturally due to changes in lighting conditions or emotional factors. However, it can also be a side effect of certain drugs or medications, including psilocybin mushrooms. Dilated pupils caused by mushroom consumption may be accompanied by other side effects such as light sensitivity, blurry vision, or hallucinations.

It's important to note that the effects of psilocybin mushrooms can vary widely between individuals. Factors such as mental state, personality, setting, quantity consumed, and expectations can all influence the experience. While psilocybin is not considered addictive, it can lead to disturbing hallucinations, anxiety, paranoia, and short-term psychosis in some individuals. Additionally, there is a risk of accidental poisoning from consuming the wrong types of mushrooms, as poisonous mushrooms may closely resemble psilocybin-containing varieties.

Long-term side effects, such as changes in brain chemistry

While the effects of psilocybin mushrooms, or "magic mushrooms", are usually short-term, there is evidence to suggest that they can also cause long-term changes in brain chemistry.

Psilocybin is a hallucinogenic substance that occurs naturally in certain types of mushrooms. When ingested, it is converted into psilocin, which interacts with serotonin receptors in the brain. Serotonin plays a crucial role in regulating mood, emotions, and cognitive functions. Studies suggest that regular consumption of psilocybin can affect the serotonin system, which may have long-term implications for mental health. One recognised long-term effect of psilocybin use is the development of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD), which involves perceptual changes that can persist for weeks or months after taking the drug. These perceptual changes may include recurring visual disturbances, such as seeing trails, halos around objects, or geometric patterns. HPPD is considered a rare condition.

Research also indicates that psilocybin may have therapeutic potential for treating mental and behavioural health conditions, including depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. For example, a 2023 study found that adults who took a single 25mg dose of psilocybin experienced a significant reduction in depressive symptoms compared to adults who took a placebo. However, more research is needed to fully understand the therapeutic potential of psilocybin and its long-term effects on brain chemistry.

It is important to note that the use of psilocybin mushrooms carries risks, and they are mostly illegal in the United States. While adverse side effects are often mild or moderate, some people may require medical treatment. Additionally, there is a risk of accidental poisoning from consuming the wrong types of mushrooms, as poisonous mushrooms can closely resemble psilocybin mushrooms.

Hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder (HPPD)

The first symptoms resembling HPPD were recorded in 1898 by English physician Havelock Ellis, who reported heightened sensitivity to light, shade, and colour after exposure to the hallucinogen mescaline. HPPD was first described in 1954, and the term flashbacks was introduced to refer to the recurrent perceptual distortions experienced by individuals with the disorder. These flashbacks can occur anywhere from weeks to years after using hallucinogens and can be distressing and impairing for those affected.

The pathophysiology of HPPPD is not yet fully understood, but it is believed to involve dysfunction in the central nervous system, specifically in the cortical serotonergic inhibitory interneurons. Treatment options such as pre-synaptic α2 adrenergic agonists, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), benzodiazepines, and mood stabilizers have been explored, but more research is needed to fully understand the disorder and develop effective treatments.

The prevalence of HPPD is generally considered low, and it is more commonly diagnosed in individuals with a history of psychological issues or substance misuse. However, it is important to note that HPPD can arise in anyone, even after a single exposure to hallucinogenic drugs. Therefore, it is crucial to approach the consumption of hallucinogenic substances with caution and be aware of the potential risks involved.

While magic mushrooms are widely known for their hallucinogenic effects, it is important to distinguish between the short-term effects of a "trip" and the long-term effects of HPPD. HPPD is a distinct syndrome characterised by persistent perceptual disturbances and other psychiatric symptoms that can significantly impact an individual's quality of life.

Psychological addiction

Although psilocybin mushrooms are not considered physically addictive, they can lead to psychological addiction or dependence. Psychological dependence can develop when mushrooms are used regularly or in high doses for an extended period. This is characterised by an individual's reliance on the substance to function normally, and they may experience withdrawal symptoms when they stop using it.

Mushrooms have been used for centuries by indigenous populations for religious and spiritual rituals, and they are now being studied for their potential therapeutic benefits in treating mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, addiction, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, it is important to note that psilocybin mushrooms can also cause negative side effects, including hallucinations, anxiety, paranoia, and short-term psychosis.

The risk of developing a psychological addiction to psilocybin mushrooms may be influenced by various factors, such as high levels of stress, childhood trauma, co-occurring mental health issues, family or personal history of addiction, polysubstance abuse, and easy access to the substance. These factors can increase the likelihood of problematic drug use and addiction.

Additionally, individuals who have become psychologically dependent on psilocybin mushrooms may experience "flashbacks" or hallucinations persisting perception disorder, where they feel the effects of the drug long after the last use. These flashbacks can be intense, unpleasant, and frequent, lasting long after an individual has stopped using the substance.

To address concerns about psilocybin mushroom abuse, especially among younger populations, it is crucial to provide accurate information about the potential risks and consequences of use, promote healthy coping skills, and encourage access to addiction treatment and support services. Treatment for psilocybin mushroom addiction may include therapeutic and supportive methods, with structured environments that enable individuals to focus on their recovery and develop necessary skills for long-term sobriety.

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