Laura Smith
While it is extremely unlikely to physically overdose on magic mushrooms, consuming a large quantity can lead to severe psychological distress, characterised by a 'bad trip' with intense fear, anxiety, paranoia, delusional thinking, and in rare cases, harmful behaviour or accidents. The lethal dose of psilocybin in humans is unknown, but it is estimated that a 60 kg human would need to consume 16.78 kg of fresh mushrooms or 1.68 kg of dried mushrooms to reach the median lethal dose in rats. However, this amount of mushroom consumption is likely a physiologically impossible feat due to the nausea and vomiting induced by psilocybin. Nevertheless, the risk of accidental ingestion of poisonous mushrooms is a serious concern, as toxic mushroom species outnumber those containing psilocybin by 10 to 1.
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What You'll Learn
Magic mushrooms are not physically addictive
Magic mushrooms, or psilocybin mushrooms, are not physically addictive. While they can cause a range of physical and psychological effects, the risk of addiction is considered low.
Psilocybin mushrooms contain the chemical psilocybin, which is responsible for the hallucinogenic effects experienced by users. These mushrooms have a long history of use, dating back to indigenous peoples in Central America who used them for healing and spiritual rituals. In the 1960s, they became popular in the counterculture movement before being made illegal in 1968. Despite their illegal status, they continue to be used, with an estimated 21 million US residents reporting lifetime use.
The effects of magic mushrooms can vary depending on the amount ingested, the user's biology, personality, and expectations. While some users may experience positive effects such as euphoria and mystical experiences, others may encounter negative effects such as nausea, increased heart rate, and anxiety. In rare cases, psilocybin use has been associated with harmful behaviors, accidents, and long-term mental health symptoms. However, the risk of a fatal overdose is extremely low due to the low toxicity of psilocybin.
Although magic mushrooms are not physically addictive, psychological dependence can develop. Users may continue to use mushrooms to attain pleasurable feelings, which can lead to compulsive patterns of use. Additionally, repeated use can result in significant tolerance, and in rare cases, psilocybin may trigger or worsen certain mental health conditions. However, it's important to note that there are currently no medications available to treat addiction to magic mushrooms or other hallucinogens.
The distinction between physical addiction and psychological dependence is important when discussing magic mushrooms. While physical addiction involves physiological dependence and withdrawal symptoms, psychological dependence involves the development of compulsive behaviors and continued use despite negative consequences. In the case of magic mushrooms, the lack of physical addiction means that users do not experience physical withdrawal symptoms when they stop using. However, the potential for psychological dependence highlights the importance of responsible use and the need for support and treatment options for those who struggle with problematic mushroom use.
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Poisonous mushrooms may be mistaken for magic mushrooms
While it is extremely unlikely to physically overdose on magic mushrooms, there are still several health risks associated with their consumption, including a bad trip, psychological distress, and in rare cases, harmful behaviours or accidents. Magic mushrooms can induce frightening hallucinations, paranoia, and in some cases, a "psychotic break".
The main risk of taking magic mushrooms is that they can be easily mistaken for poisonous mushrooms, which can have fatal physical consequences. Poisonous mushrooms can cause severe gastrointestinal upsets such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea. Some mushroom species contain toxins that cause hallucinations, and these are commonly referred to as "magic mushrooms". For example, the yellow-staining mushroom (Agaricus xanthodermus) is the most commonly eaten poisonous mushroom in Victoria, and it looks very similar to edible mushrooms. The death cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides) may result in death if consumed.
It is important to know what type of mushroom you are consuming. If you are unsure, do not eat it. If you believe you or someone else may have eaten a poisonous mushroom, do not wait for symptoms to occur. Seek immediate medical attention. It is recommended that you only eat mushrooms bought from a reputable source, such as a supermarket or greengrocer.
Magic mushrooms are often sold illegally in the form of dried whole mushrooms or powder, and they are typically eaten fresh, cooked, or brewed into a tea. The effects of magic mushrooms usually begin within 30 minutes when eaten and can last approximately four to six hours. However, when taken as a soup or tea, the effects can be felt within 5–10 minutes.
While magic mushrooms are not considered physically addictive, their consumption can lead to short-term mental and physical effects, such as heightened emotions and senses, anxiety, fear, nausea, and muscle twitches. In some cases, they can also cause "bad trips", which are more likely to occur in those with a family history of mental illness or psychotic disorders. During a "bad trip", individuals may experience paranoia, loss of boundaries, and a distorted sense of self, which can lead to risk-taking behaviours and, in rare cases, accidental death.
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Magic mushrooms can be eaten, brewed into tea or crushed into powder
While it is extremely unlikely to physically overdose on magic mushrooms, it is still possible to experience a range of adverse effects from consuming them. Magic mushrooms contain psilocybin, which is converted into psilocin by the body. Psilocybin is considered to have low physical toxicity, and the amount of mushrooms required for a physical overdose is estimated to be 1000 times the typical dose or roughly ten kilograms. This makes the risk of physical overdose very low.
However, consuming magic mushrooms, especially in large quantities, can lead to severe psychological distress and a "bad trip". This can include intense fear, anxiety, paranoia, delusional thinking, and harmful behaviours. It is important to note that the effects of magic mushrooms are unpredictable and can vary depending on the individual's personality, environment, and body chemistry. Additionally, the risk of adverse effects is higher for individuals with underlying health conditions or those who consume mushrooms alongside other substances.
Magic mushrooms can be consumed in various ways, including eating them fresh or cooked, brewing them into tea, or crushing them into a powder. When ingested, magic mushrooms can induce hallucinations, euphoria, and sensory changes. While some people seek out these effects, it is important to approach magic mushrooms with caution as they can have negative consequences.
To minimise the risks associated with magic mushrooms, it is recommended to consume them with someone you trust, in a comfortable and safe environment, and while in a positive state of mind. It is also crucial to accurately identify the type of mushroom to avoid consuming poisonous species, as toxic mushrooms can lead to fatal physical consequences. Seeking treatment for any adverse effects is important, and recovery from a magic mushroom overdose often involves both physical and psychological support.
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The effects of a magic mushroom overdose can be long-lasting
While it is extremely unlikely to physically overdose on magic mushrooms, the psychological effects of an overdose can be long-lasting. Magic mushrooms contain psilocybin, a chemical compound that, when ingested, is converted by the body into psilocin, the chemical with psychoactive properties. Although psilocybin is considered to have low physical toxicity, the psychological effects of an overdose can be severe and long-lasting.
The effects of a magic mushroom overdose can include a "bad trip", which may involve frightening hallucinations, paranoia, delusional thinking, and intense fear or anxiety. These experiences can be traumatic and may require psychological support to process and recover from them. In some cases, individuals may experience flashbacks or disturbing memories of their magic mushroom experience, which can last for weeks, months, or even years after the drug was last taken.
Vulnerable populations, including those with a family history of psychosis or psychotic disorders, are at a higher risk of experiencing severe and long-lasting psychological effects. For these individuals, a magic mushroom overdose could result in a "psychotic break" or the development of long-term mental health symptoms such as mania, aggression, or even suicide attempts.
Additionally, consuming toxic varieties of mushrooms that are mistaken for psilocybin-containing mushrooms can have fatal physical consequences. Poisoning from toxic mushrooms can cause abdominal pain, muscle pain, mucus in the lungs, a slow heart rate, excessive sweating, and muscle spasms. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately identify the type of mushroom before ingestion to minimise the risk of poisoning.
To summarise, while a physical overdose on magic mushrooms is highly unlikely, the psychological effects of an overdose can be severe and long-lasting, particularly for vulnerable individuals. It is important to seek psychological support if needed and to accurately identify the type of mushroom to avoid toxic varieties.
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Magic mushrooms may be laced with other drugs
While it is extremely unlikely to physically overdose on magic mushrooms, consuming a large quantity can lead to severe psychological distress, characterized by a "'bad trip'" with intense fear, anxiety, and paranoia. The effects of an overdose can lead to physical and psychological harm, and in rare cases, can result in harmful behaviors or accidents.
The main risk of taking magic mushrooms is that they can be easily mistaken for certain types of poisonous mushrooms, which can have fatal consequences. Mushrooms sold illegally may be contaminated or mixed with other drugs, and the effects of taking magic mushrooms with other drugs, including over-the-counter or prescription medications, can be unpredictable and dangerous.
Magic mushrooms are often taken alongside other illicit substances, which may increase the risk of overdose. The few deaths caused by psilocybin use, either through overdose or self-harm, typically involve other substances, most commonly alcohol. People with underlying health conditions who take psilocybin mushrooms alongside other substances may be more susceptible to adverse effects.
The effects of magic mushrooms can vary from person to person, and the strength of the mushrooms can differ greatly. One mushroom may have a different concentration of active ingredients compared to another, and consequently, the effects of the mushroom can depend on the dose and type used. The greatest risk of overdose is for individuals with existing psychiatric conditions, who may experience an elevated risk of side effects.
Treatment for a magic mushroom overdose is generally dictated by the specific symptoms displayed and should ideally be supportive. Ensuring that the person is in a safe, supportive, and non-stimulating environment can be very helpful in reducing anxiety. If symptoms of an overdose are present, immediate medical attention should be sought, especially if the symptoms are due to the accidental ingestion of poisonous mushrooms.
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Frequently asked questions
It is difficult to determine the exact number of mushrooms that would cause an overdose, as the experience is highly subjective and depends on various factors such as body chemistry, personality, and environment. However, researchers believe that a physical overdose on psilocybin mushrooms is virtually impossible, as one would have to consume 1000 times the typical dose or about ten kilograms of mushrooms.
A mushroom overdose can lead to severe psychological distress, characterised by a "bad trip" with intense fear, anxiety, paranoia, delusional thinking, and harmful behaviours. Physical symptoms may include vomiting, nausea, and trouble breathing. It is important to note that a mushroom overdose can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
If someone is displaying signs of a mushroom overdose, it is crucial to get help right away. Call 911 or go to the hospital immediately. If there are any mushrooms left, bring them to the hospital to help identify the specific type ingested. Treatment for a mushroom overdose typically involves stabilising breathing, monitoring vital signs, and addressing urgent difficulties. Psychological support is also important to help the individual process and recover from the traumatic experience.
