Laura Smith
Growing mushrooms in jars using horse manure is a fascinating and accessible method for cultivating a variety of edible fungi, particularly oyster mushrooms, which thrive in nutrient-rich substrates. This process begins with pasteurizing the horse manure to eliminate harmful bacteria and competing organisms, ensuring a clean environment for mushroom growth. The manure is then mixed with a grain spawn, such as rye or wheat, which has been inoculated with mushroom mycelium, and the mixture is packed into sterilized jars. These jars are sealed to maintain a sterile environment and placed in a dark, temperature-controlled space to allow the mycelium to colonize the substrate. After several weeks, once the mycelium has fully developed, the jars are opened, and the mushrooms are exposed to light and fresh air, triggering fruiting. With proper care, this method yields a bountiful harvest of fresh mushrooms, making it an excellent project for both novice and experienced growers.
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What You'll Learn
Sterilize horse manure properly
Sterilizing horse manure properly is a critical step in growing mushrooms in jars, as it eliminates harmful pathogens, bacteria, and competing organisms that could contaminate your mushroom spawn. Begin by collecting fresh horse manure, preferably from a trusted source where the horses have not been treated with dewormers or medications that could inhibit mushroom growth. Once you have the manure, break it down into smaller, manageable pieces to ensure even sterilization. This preparation step is essential for the next phases of the sterilization process.
The most common and effective method to sterilize horse manure is by using a pressure cooker or autoclave. Start by moistening the manure with water until it reaches a consistency similar to a wrung-out sponge—damp but not soggy. Overly wet manure can create anaerobic conditions, while too dry manure may not sterilize evenly. Pack the moistened manure into wide-mouth mason jars, leaving about an inch of headspace to allow for expansion during sterilization. Seal the jars with lids, but do not tighten them completely to prevent pressure buildup.
Next, prepare your pressure cooker or autoclave according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For most home setups, sterilizing at 15 psi (pounds per square inch) for 60 to 90 minutes is sufficient to kill unwanted organisms in the manure. Ensure the pressure cooker is properly sealed and vented before starting the process. Once the sterilization cycle is complete, allow the cooker to depressurize naturally to avoid contaminating the manure with airborne particles. This step is crucial for maintaining a sterile environment.
After sterilization, carefully remove the jars from the pressure cooker and tighten the lids fully. Allow the jars to cool to room temperature before handling further. It’s important to check for any signs of contamination, such as mold or unusual odors, before proceeding to the next steps of inoculation. Properly sterilized manure should have a uniform, dark color and a slightly earthy smell without any off-putting aromas.
If you don’t have access to a pressure cooker, an alternative method is pasteurization, though it is less reliable for complete sterilization. To pasteurize, preheat an oven to 170°F (77°C) and place the moistened manure in a sealed container or wrapped in foil. Heat the manure for at least 6 hours, ensuring the internal temperature reaches 160°F (71°C) for an extended period. While pasteurization reduces pathogens, it may not eliminate all contaminants, so this method is best used with caution and only when necessary. Always prioritize sterilization for the highest success rate in mushroom cultivation.
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Prepare substrate with grain spawn
To prepare the substrate with grain spawn for growing mushrooms in jars using horse manure, start by selecting a suitable grain for your spawn. Common choices include rye, wheat, or millet, as these grains provide the necessary nutrients for the mycelium to colonize. Begin by cleaning the grain thoroughly to remove any debris or impurities. Next, measure the grain and soak it in water for 12 to 24 hours to hydrate it, which helps the grains absorb moisture and prepares them for sterilization. After soaking, drain the excess water and transfer the grain to a large pot. Add fresh water in a 1:2 ratio (one part grain to two parts water) and bring it to a boil. Simmer the grain for about 30 minutes until it is partially cooked but still firm. This process ensures the grain is sterilized and ready to support mycelium growth.
Once the grain is cooked, drain it thoroughly and allow it to cool to a temperature that is safe to handle, typically around 80-90°F (27-32°C). Sterilization is crucial to prevent contamination, so transfer the cooled grain into wide-mouth mason jars, filling each jar to about ¾ full. Secure the jars with lids that have a small hole drilled in them to allow for gas exchange while maintaining a sterile environment. Pressure cook the jars at 15 PSI for 90 minutes to sterilize both the grain and the jars, eliminating any competing microorganisms. Allow the jars to cool completely in the pressure cooker before handling them to avoid contamination.
While the grain is cooling, prepare your grain spawn by inoculating the sterilized grain with mushroom mycelium. Use a sterile tool, such as a scalpel or inoculation loop, to transfer a small amount of mycelium from a spawn bag or agar plate into each jar. Work in a clean, sterile environment, such as a still air box or glove box, to minimize the risk of contamination. Seal the jars with their lids and label them with the date and mushroom species. Place the jars in a warm, dark location with a consistent temperature of around 75°F (24°C) to encourage mycelium colonization.
Over the next 2 to 4 weeks, the mycelium will colonize the grain spawn, turning it into a dense, white mass. Shake the jars gently every few days to distribute the mycelium evenly and prevent it from clumping. Once fully colonized, the grain spawn is ready to be mixed with the pasteurized horse manure substrate. Combine the grain spawn with the manure in a ratio of 1:10 (one part grain spawn to ten parts manure) to introduce the mycelium into the bulk substrate. Mix thoroughly but gently to ensure even distribution without damaging the mycelium.
Finally, transfer the inoculated substrate into clean, sterilized jars, filling them to about ¾ full. Seal the jars with lids that allow for gas exchange, and place them in a dark, humid environment with temperatures between 70-75°F (21-24°C). Over the next few weeks, the mycelium will colonize the manure substrate, preparing it for fruiting. Monitor the jars for signs of contamination and adjust environmental conditions as needed to support healthy mycelium growth. With proper care, you’ll soon see mushrooms fruiting in your jars, ready for harvest.
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Maintain optimal jar humidity levels
Maintaining optimal jar humidity levels is critical for successful mushroom cultivation using horse manure. Mushrooms thrive in a humid environment, typically requiring humidity levels between 85% and 95%. To achieve this, start by ensuring your substrate, which includes the horse manure, is properly pasteurized or sterilized to eliminate competing organisms that could disrupt humidity control. Once the substrate is prepared and inoculated with mushroom spawn, seal the jars with a breathable material like micropore tape or a polyfill filter to allow gas exchange while retaining moisture. This initial setup helps create a stable environment but requires ongoing monitoring to maintain optimal humidity.
Regularly monitor humidity levels inside the jars using a hygrometer placed nearby or by observing condensation on the jar walls. If humidity drops below 85%, introduce moisture by lightly misting the inside of the jar or placing a humidifier near the growing area. Avoid over-misting, as excessive water can lead to bacterial or mold growth. Another effective method is to use a humidity tent or chamber, where jars are grouped together under a clear plastic dome or inside a container with a humidifier, creating a localized high-humidity environment. This setup helps stabilize moisture levels and reduces the need for frequent intervention.
Ventilation is equally important to prevent stagnant air, which can lead to humidity imbalances and contamination. Once mycelium colonization is visible (usually after 2-3 weeks), consider partially opening the jar lids or removing the breathable seal for short periods to allow fresh air exchange. This practice, known as "fanning," helps strengthen the mycelium while maintaining adequate humidity. Be cautious not to expose the jars to dry air for too long, as this can quickly drop humidity levels. Re-seal the jars after fanning to restore the humid environment.
For long-term humidity management, consider using a humidity-controlled environment like a grow tent or a makeshift chamber with a humidifier and hygrostat. This setup automates humidity regulation, reducing the need for manual adjustments. Additionally, placing a tray of water or damp sphagnum moss near the jars can help passively increase humidity. Regularly inspect the jars for signs of dryness, such as shriveled mycelium or dry substrate, and adjust the humidity strategy accordingly. Consistent attention to these details ensures the jars remain within the optimal humidity range, fostering healthy mushroom growth.
Finally, as mushrooms begin to pin and fruit, humidity requirements may slightly increase. At this stage, ensure the growing environment remains saturated by misting the jars more frequently or using a humidity dome. Proper humidity during fruiting is essential for developing robust, fully formed mushrooms. By maintaining vigilant control over jar humidity levels throughout the cultivation process, you create an ideal environment for mushrooms to thrive, from colonization to harvest.
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Monitor temperature for mycelium growth
Temperature control is critical for successful mycelium growth when cultivating mushrooms in jars using horse manure. Mycelium, the vegetative part of the fungus, thrives within a specific temperature range, typically between 70°F and 75°F (21°C and 24°C) for most mushroom species. Maintaining this range ensures optimal growth and prevents contamination. To monitor temperature effectively, place a reliable thermometer inside the incubation area, such as a shelf or closet, where the jars are stored. Digital thermometers with probes are ideal, as they provide accurate and continuous readings. Ensure the thermometer is positioned at jar level to reflect the actual environment the mycelium is experiencing.
Consistency is key when monitoring temperature for mycelium growth. Fluctuations outside the ideal range can slow growth or create conditions favorable for mold and bacteria. If the temperature drops below 70°F (21°C), mycelium growth may stall, while temperatures above 75°F (24°C) can stress the mycelium and increase the risk of contamination. Use heating or cooling devices, such as space heaters, fans, or air conditioners, to regulate the environment. For example, in cooler climates, a small space heater with a thermostat can maintain the necessary warmth, while in warmer environments, a fan or air conditioner can prevent overheating. Regularly check the thermometer to ensure the temperature remains stable.
Insulation plays a vital role in maintaining consistent temperatures for mycelium growth. Wrapping the jars in a thermal blanket or placing them in an insulated container can help buffer against external temperature changes. Additionally, grouping jars together creates a microclimate that retains heat more effectively. Avoid placing jars near windows, doors, or other areas prone to drafts, as these can cause sudden temperature drops. If using a heating device, ensure it is not placed too close to the jars, as direct heat can damage the mycelium or cause the substrate to dry out.
Regular monitoring and adjustments are essential to ensure the temperature remains within the optimal range throughout the colonization phase, which typically lasts 2 to 4 weeks. Check the thermometer at least twice daily, especially during extreme weather conditions. Keep a log of temperature readings to track trends and identify potential issues early. If temperatures consistently deviate from the ideal range, reassess the incubation setup and make necessary adjustments. For instance, relocating the jars to a more temperature-stable area or adding additional insulation can help resolve persistent issues.
Finally, consider the specific temperature preferences of the mushroom species you are cultivating, as some may have slightly different requirements. For example, oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) grow well within the standard range, but shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) may prefer slightly cooler temperatures around 65°F to 70°F (18°C to 21°C). Researching the optimal temperature for your chosen species ensures tailored care. By diligently monitoring and controlling temperature, you create an environment where mycelium can flourish, setting the stage for a successful mushroom harvest.
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Harvest mushrooms at the right time
Harvesting mushrooms at the right time is crucial for maximizing yield and ensuring the best quality. When growing mushrooms in jars using horse manure, the timing of the harvest depends on the species of mushroom you’re cultivating, but there are general signs to look for. Most mushrooms, such as oyster or shiitake, are ready to harvest when the caps have fully expanded but before the edges begin to turn upward or flatten out. This stage is ideal because the mushrooms are mature enough to have developed their full flavor and texture but haven’t yet released spores, which can reduce their shelf life and quality.
To determine the right time to harvest, closely monitor the mushroom caps. For oyster mushrooms, for example, harvest when the caps are fully open but still slightly curled inward at the edges. If you wait too long, the caps will flatten, and the mushrooms may begin to drop spores, making them less appealing and more difficult to store. Shiitake mushrooms, on the other hand, are best harvested when the caps are fully open and the edges are just starting to curl upward. Harvesting at this stage ensures the mushrooms retain their firm texture and rich flavor.
Another indicator that mushrooms are ready for harvest is the appearance of the gills or pores underneath the cap. For species with gills, like oyster mushrooms, the gills should be clearly visible but not yet releasing spores. If you notice a powdery substance on the cap or surrounding area, it’s a sign that the mushrooms are past their prime and should be harvested immediately to prevent further spore release. For pore fungi like shiitake, the pores should be well-defined but not yet darkened, which indicates spore maturity.
Harvesting should be done carefully to avoid damaging the mycelium or the remaining mushrooms. Use a sharp knife or scissors to cut the mushroom stem at the base, leaving about ¼ inch above the growing medium. Pulling or twisting the mushrooms can disturb the mycelium and reduce future yields. After harvesting, inspect the jar for any remaining small mushrooms or pins, as these can often mature into a second flush if left undisturbed.
Finally, plan to harvest mushrooms in the morning or evening when temperatures are cooler, as this helps preserve their freshness. Once harvested, store the mushrooms in a paper bag or loosely covered container in the refrigerator to maintain their quality. Proper timing and technique in harvesting not only ensure the best flavor and texture but also encourage the mycelium to produce additional flushes, extending the productivity of your mushroom-growing jars.
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Frequently asked questions
To prepare horse manure, first ensure it is well-aged (at least 3–4 weeks) to reduce ammonia levels. Mix the manure with straw or wood chips in a ratio of 2:1 (manure to bedding). Sterilize the mixture by steaming it at 160°F (71°C) for 1–2 hours to kill competing organisms. Allow it to cool before inoculating with mushroom spawn.
After sterilizing and cooling the manure mixture, fill sterilized jars with the substrate, leaving about 1 inch of space at the top. Introduce 10–20% mushroom spawn by weight, mixing it evenly throughout the substrate. Seal the jars with a breathable lid or cover with a filter patch to allow gas exchange while preventing contamination.
Maintain a temperature of 70–75°F (21–24°C) and humidity levels around 80–90%. Keep the jars in a dark or dimly lit area. After colonization (2–4 weeks), introduce fresh air by opening the jars slightly or removing the lids to trigger fruiting. Mist the mushrooms lightly daily to maintain humidity during the fruiting stage.
