Sarah Brown
North Carolina is home to a wide variety of mushrooms, with over 3,000 different species growing in the state. While some of these mushrooms are edible and harmless, many are toxic and can cause serious health issues if consumed or even touched. Therefore, it is essential to be able to identify mushrooms correctly before handling or eating them. This paragraph will discuss the key guidelines and resources for identifying mushrooms in North Carolina, as well as some of the most common and dangerous species found in the state.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Number of species in North Carolina | Over 3,000 |
| Toxic species | Amanita chlorinosma, Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric), Amanita virosa, Leucocoprinus birnbaumii, Amanitaceae variety, Chlorophyllum molybdites, Common Puffball, Green-spored Parasols |
| Edible species | Laetiporus cincinnatus (Chicken of the Woods), Fistulina hepatica (Beefsteak Polypore), Craterellus odoratus (Fragrant Chanterelle) |
| Identifying features | Off-white colour, enlarged base, powdery cap, chlorine or rotting meat smell, white stem, reddish cap with white "scales", granular texture, reddish colour, fan shape, bright yellow colour, ruffled appearance, shiny texture, shell-like shape, striped purple colour, white or off-white colour, brown spots, green-to-brown colour, pale yellow colour, spiky hairs |
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What You'll Learn
Toxic vs edible mushrooms
It is important to be able to distinguish between toxic and edible mushrooms, as consuming the wrong ones can have severe consequences. There are over 3,000 different species of mushrooms in North Carolina, and many toxic mushrooms look similar to non-toxic species. Even edible mushrooms can become toxic when they are old and rotting.
Amanita chlorinosma and Amanita muscaria are two toxic species to watch out for. Amanita chlorinosma is off-white with a powdery cap and an enlarged base. It smells strongly of chlorine or rotting meat and is often found in oak and pine forests. Amanita muscaria, also known as fly agaric, has a white stem and a reddish cap with white "scales" or wart-like growths.
Some general rules to follow when identifying mushrooms are to avoid any with red on the cap, stem, or pores, and to avoid any that stain blue when cut in half vertically. It is also a good idea to avoid gilled mushrooms unless you can identify them with certainty, as many toxic mushrooms have gills.
When it comes to edible mushrooms, the Laetiporus cincinnatus, also known as the "chicken of the woods," can be found throughout North Carolina. Morels are another edible mushroom that can be found in almost every state, except Florida and Arizona, which are too hot and arid. They have a honeycomb pattern and range in color from cream to almost black.
It is important to properly identify mushrooms before consuming them, and to only eat those that have been positively identified as edible.
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Common poisonous mushrooms
North Carolina is home to a wide variety of mushrooms, with over 3,000 different species growing in the state. While many of these mushrooms are edible, there are also several toxic varieties that can be dangerous, and even deadly, if consumed. Here are some of the most common poisonous mushrooms found in North Carolina:
Amanita chlorinosma
This toxic mushroom is commonly found in oak and pine forests. It is characterized by its off-white colour, enlarged stalk base, and powdery cap. It has a strong smell of chlorine or rotting meat, making it relatively easy to identify.
Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric)
Also known as Fly Agaric, this species has a distinctive appearance with a white stem and a reddish cap covered in white "scales" or wart-like growths. It can reach up to 12 inches in diameter and stand up to 8 inches tall. Fly Agaric is highly toxic and should be avoided.
Omphalotus olearius (Jack-o-Lantern)
The Jack-o-Lantern mushroom is commonly found throughout North Carolina. It has orange gills that appear to glow in the dark due to bioluminescence. This mushroom is highly poisonous and should not be consumed. Interestingly, it closely resembles some edible varieties of Chanterelles, so foragers should take care to identify it correctly.
Chlorophyllum molybdites
This large mushroom can grow up to 12 inches in diameter. Consuming this mushroom can cause severe gastrointestinal distress, including vomiting, diarrhea, and colic. While it is not usually deadly, the side effects of ingestion are definitely something to avoid.
It is important to note that this is not an exhaustive list, and there are other toxic mushroom species in North Carolina. Always exercise caution when foraging for mushrooms, and consult a trained expert to properly identify mushrooms before handling or consuming them.
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How to identify Amanita chlorinosis
When it comes to identifying mushrooms in North Carolina, it's important to exercise caution as researchers have estimated that over 3,000 different species of mushrooms grow in the state, many of which are toxic. Even toxic mushrooms that resemble edible species should be avoided, as they can be dangerous if accidentally consumed.
Amanita chlorinosma, also known as Amanita chlorinosis, is a toxic mushroom species commonly found growing in oak and pine forests. It has an off-white colour, with an enlarged base and a cap that has a powdery texture. One of the most distinctive features of this mushroom is its strong smell of chlorine or rotting meat.
To identify Amanita chlorinosis, it is important to look at a range of features, including its physical size, shape, texture, colour, smell, and taste. However, it is important to note that a taste test is not recommended for Amanita-like mushrooms, as this genus contains some deadly poisonous species. Therefore, it is safer to rely on other characteristics for identification.
The cap of Amanita chlorinosis feels dry and often has pieces of the universal veil attached, appearing as warts or irregular patches. Most species in the Amanita genus have a membranous ring on the stem, which is a remnant of the partial veil that covers the gills during the immature stage of the mushroom. Another identifying feature of Amanita mushrooms is the presence of a bag-like 'Volva' or saucer-like gutter at the base of the stem.
Amanita chlorinosis can be distinguished from other toxic Amanita species by its unique characteristics, such as its off-white colour and chlorine-like smell. Other toxic species in the Amanita genus include Amanita phalloides (commonly known as the death cap), Amanita virosa, Amanita bisporigera, and Amanita ocreata, which are referred to as the \"destroying angels\".
In summary, identifying Amanita chlorinosis in North Carolina requires a comprehensive understanding of its physical characteristics, such as its off-white colour, enlarged base, powdery cap, and chlorine-like smell. However, it is crucial to exercise caution and avoid tasting any Amanita-like mushrooms due to the presence of deadly poisonous species within this genus.
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Beefsteak Polypore and other non-toxic varieties
With over 3,000 different species of mushrooms growing in North Carolina, it can be challenging to identify them all. It is important to be cautious and avoid touching or consuming any mushrooms unless you are certain they are safe. Many toxic mushrooms resemble non-toxic varieties. Some toxic species to avoid include Amanita chlorinosma and Amanita muscaria, commonly known as fly agaric.
Now, let's focus on the Beefsteak Polypore and other non-toxic varieties:
Beefsteak Polypore (Fistulina hepatica)
The Beefsteak Polypore, also known as the beefsteak fungus, ox tongue, or tongue mushroom, is a distinctive-looking species. It is a bracket fungus, meaning it grows on the side of trees, and it has a firm, rigid, shelf-like appearance. It is commonly found on oaks and sweet chestnuts, causing a reddish-brown stain on the living wood. This mushroom is deep burgundy red, sometimes with a brown hue, and it can resemble a giant strawberry when young, later transforming into a liver-shaped growth. The underside of the cap has creamy white pores that change colour as the mushroom ages, and the flesh is tender. It is edible and has a texture reminiscent of raw meat, although older specimens should be soaked or cooked properly to avoid gastric upset.
Craterellus odoratus (Fragrant Chanterelle)
The Fragrant Chanterelle is easily identified by its bright yellow colour and ruffled, flower-like appearance. It often grows in clusters and has a waxy or shiny texture.
Laetiporus cincinnatus (Chicken of the Woods)
This edible species is aptly named Chicken of the Woods and is found throughout North Carolina.
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Mushroom foraging safety tips
Mushroom foraging can be a fun activity, but it is important to keep in mind the potential dangers of consuming wild mushrooms. Here are some safety tips to keep in mind when foraging for mushrooms in North Carolina:
- Learn about toxic mushrooms: Before going mushroom foraging, it is crucial to educate yourself about the toxic mushroom species commonly found in North Carolina. Some mushrooms, such as Amanita chlorinosma, Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric), and Amanita virosa, are highly toxic and can be dangerous if consumed. Even touching some mushrooms can be harmful, so it is best to avoid any mushrooms you cannot confidently identify as safe.
- Seek expert guidance: Always forage with a trained professional or consult with an expert in mushroom identification. Many clubs and organizations for mushroom foraging exist, and they can provide valuable knowledge and guidance. Never consume a mushroom that has not been identified as safe by a qualified expert.
- Use caution with look-alikes: Some toxic mushrooms closely resemble non-toxic varieties. For example, the Common Puffball can be mistaken for immature Amanita mushrooms, which are poisonous. Always verify the identity of a mushroom before handling or consuming it.
- Be aware of your surroundings: Certain mushrooms are more likely to grow in specific environments or near certain types of trees. For example, the Violet-toothed Polypore grows on decaying aspen and poplar trees, while the Beefsteak Polypore is often found on rotting logs or the side of trees. Knowing the typical habitats of mushrooms can help you identify them more accurately.
- Follow local regulations: In North Carolina, there are specific requirements for selling foraged mushrooms to food establishments. Make sure you are familiar with the local regulations and guidelines, such as the "North Carolina Wild Mushroom Verification Form," to ensure safe and legal mushroom foraging.
- Trust reliable sources: When in doubt, consult reputable field guides, websites, or books specifically about North Carolina mushrooms. Resources like "Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World" and local university guidelines can provide valuable information on mushroom identification and safety.
Remember, mushroom foraging can be enjoyable, but your safety should always come first. By following these tips and staying cautious, you can minimize the risks associated with wild mushrooms and have a positive foraging experience.
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Frequently asked questions
Researchers estimate that over 3,000 different species of mushrooms grow in North Carolina.
Some toxic mushrooms found in North Carolina include Amanita chlorinosma, Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric), Amanita virosa, Leucocoprinus birnbaumii, Chlorophyllum molybdites, and Violet-toothed Polypore.
Some edible mushrooms found in North Carolina include Chicken of the Woods (Laetiporus cincinnatus) and Fragrant Chanterelle (Craterellus odoratus).
It is important to never touch or eat any mushrooms that you cannot identify as safe. Many toxic mushrooms resemble non-toxic species, so it is recommended to go foraging with a trained professional.
