John Miller
Foraging for mushrooms is a fun hobby, but it's important to know how to do it properly to avoid damaging the ecosystem and poisoning yourself. The first step is to learn how to identify mushrooms, which can be done through joining a mycological society, consulting guidebooks, and seeking expert advice. When collecting mushrooms, it's important to use the correct tools, such as baskets or cloth bags, and to clean and store them properly. There are different techniques for harvesting mushrooms, such as cutting or pulling, and it's important to consider the type of mushroom and the impact on the environment. Proper identification and preparation of mushrooms are crucial to ensure safe consumption, as some mushrooms are poisonous and can be deadly.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Safety | Join a mycological society or seek expert advice to avoid poisonous mushrooms. |
| Mushroom identification | Use a field guide or book on mycology to identify mushrooms. Avoid misleading rules of thumb. |
| Collection tools | Use a basket, cloth bag, or recycled plastic bag for collection. Carry a knife and mushroom brush. |
| Collection technique | Twist and pull or cut the mushroom. Clean and trim mushrooms as you collect them. |
| Storage | Store in a paper bag or closed container in the refrigerator. |
| Consumption | Cook wild mushrooms before consumption. Only eat a small amount of a new mushroom and wait 24 hours. |
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What You'll Learn
How to identify mushrooms
Identifying mushrooms is a complex task that requires practice and, ideally, guidance from an expert mycologist. There are about 1.5 million different species of fungi, and the majority of mushrooms are inedible, with some being deadly poisonous. Therefore, it is essential to learn how to identify mushrooms correctly.
One way to learn about mushrooms is to join a local mycological society or club. Members of these societies often organise forays to local parks, where experienced mushroom pickers can teach you how to identify mushrooms in your region. They may also host mushroom-themed dinners, lectures, and workshops. You can also purchase a field guide to mycology, which will provide tips specific to your area. Some recommended books include *How to Identify Edible Mushrooms* by Tony Lion and Gill Tomblin, and *Mushrooms* by Roger Phillips.
Online resources, such as the iNaturalist algorithm, can also help narrow down mushrooms to their genus or family based on visual characteristics. However, it is important to note that there is no substitute for expert guidance, and you should never eat a mushroom based solely on information from the internet.
When identifying mushrooms, it is important to look beyond colour and size. For example, some mushrooms have gills, while others have "false gills" or "teeth". The shape and colour of the cap and stem are also important characteristics. The habitat of the mushroom can provide clues, as certain types of mushrooms grow on specific surfaces or near certain types of trees. Smell can also be a good indicator, as some edible mushrooms have a pleasant smell, while poisonous varieties may smell like chemicals.
Remember, there are no easy shortcuts to proper mushroom identification. Always exercise caution and only consume mushrooms that you are certain are safe to eat.
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Picking vs cutting mushrooms
There are two schools of thought on the best way to pick mushrooms. One method is to cut the fruit bodies off where they join the ground or whatever they are growing from, to avoid damaging the delicate mycelium below. The other method involves twisting and pulling the mushroom from the mycelium.
Those who advocate for cutting argue that twisting and pulling can leave a residual stump that will rot and infect the mycelium. However, this argument has been refuted as all fungi will eventually rot away. Additionally, some claim that cutting minimises disturbance to the fungi.
On the other hand, those who prefer twisting and pulling assert that cutting can create a larger wound that exposes the fungus to potential diseases. They also argue that the residual stump left by cutting can deprive you of extra bites of the mushroom. Furthermore, some mushrooms, like chanterelles, detach cleanly from their mycelium, requiring only a quick snip of the base to be ready for cooking.
Long-term studies and practical experience have shown that the impact of pulling or cutting varies between different species of fungi. For example, mycorrhizal fungi, like chanterelles, ceps, and hedgehog mushrooms, typically detach cleanly when pulled, while saprophytic fungi, like wood blewits and shaggy parasols, tend to bring a large clump of mycelium with them when pulled.
While the debate between cutting and pulling mushrooms continues, it is important to prioritise proper mushroom identification to ensure safe and sustainable foraging practices.
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Cleaning and storing mushrooms
Cleaning mushrooms can be a controversial topic. Most experts advise against washing mushrooms in water because they will absorb too much moisture and become waterlogged. However, some people have had better results from washing mushrooms in water, claiming that it does not affect the cooking process.
If you decide to wash your mushrooms, take a handful at a time and hold them under running water to remove any visible dirt. Place them on a paper towel to absorb any dripping water. If you are unhappy with the results of washing, you can try cleaning mushrooms with a brush or a damp paper towel.
If you are cleaning morel mushrooms, they need to be submerged in heavily salted water first. Rinsing morels in cool water will also remove any dirt and insects. If the mushrooms look clean, this may be enough, but if not, a short soak in lightly salted water will bring out any remaining insects and dirt. If soaking, change the water as needed until the dirt and debris are removed. Rinse the morels well and pat them dry before using them in recipes.
When cleaning wild mushrooms, it is best to trim and clean them in situ, which means dirt and debris won't get lodged in the gills or pores, making them much harder to clean when you get home.
To store mushrooms, wrap them in paper towels and place them in open plastic bags (paper bags are better). Keep them in the fridge for up to two or three days, keeping the towels damp so the mushrooms don't dry out. Mushrooms shouldn't be stored in plastic bags because they need to breathe.
If you don't have time to clean the mushrooms, place them in a paper bag. If you have time, wash the mushrooms and place them in a container lined with a paper towel on the bottom and place another paper towel on top. The paper towel will absorb excess moisture and keep your mushrooms fresh much longer.
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Mushroom picking safety
Mushroom picking is a fun hobby, but it is important to be aware of the potential dangers. Many mushrooms are inedible, and some are so poisonous that they can cause permanent organ damage or even death. Here are some safety guidelines to follow when picking mushrooms:
Training and Advice
Consider getting proper training and advice from expert mycologists. Join a local mycological society, where you can learn from experienced mushroom pickers, attend lectures and workshops, and go on forays to local parks. Purchase a field guide to mycology, which will offer tips specific to your region.
Identification
It is crucial to be able to identify mushrooms with 100% confidence before consuming them. Many edible species have toxic look-alikes, so it is important to learn about these and not rely solely on photographs or drawings. Avoid using misleading rules of thumb, such as "if an animal has nibbled it, it is safe" or "cooking will get rid of poisons". Be aware that mushrooms can absorb chemicals from their environment, so avoid collecting in polluted or industrial areas.
Handling and Storage
When picking mushrooms, use a basket or porous cloth bag that allows spores to disperse. Place the mushrooms in the basket with their gills or pores facing down. Try to identify mushrooms without picking them, and only pick those that are fleshy and not dried out or decaying. If you are picking mushrooms that grow in pairs, only pick one. Leave the smallest 50% of the patch of fungi untouched.
Consumption
When consuming a new mushroom species, be aware that the presence of alcohol may produce stronger allergic reactions. Cook your foraged mushrooms, as they can make you sick if eaten raw. Before consuming a significant quantity of a new species, start with a small amount and only eat that one species to be safe.
Poisoning
If you believe you are suffering from mushroom poisoning, seek medical help immediately.
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Mushroom picking equipment
When it comes to mushroom picking equipment, there are several key items that can make the process safer, more efficient, and more enjoyable. Here is a list of essential gear to consider:
Baskets or Mesh Bags: Use baskets or mesh bags to collect mushrooms. These allow spores to disperse as you move, promoting sustainability and the spread of mushrooms. Avoid using plastic bags, as they can trap spores and hinder proper ventilation.
Knife: A sharp knife, specifically a mushroom knife with a brush attachment, is a valuable tool. It helps to cut mushrooms cleanly without damaging them. The brush aids in cleaning dirt and debris from the mushrooms before placing them in your bag.
Field Guide and Mycology Books: Familiarize yourself with mushroom identification by carrying field guides and books on mycology. These resources provide valuable information on mushroom types, characteristics, and picking techniques specific to your region.
Proper Footwear: Comfortable and waterproof hikers or shoes are essential for traversing various terrains and weather conditions. Ensure your footwear is suitable for long walks and provides adequate protection.
Rain Jacket: A lightweight, breathable rain jacket is a must-have for unexpected rain showers. It will keep you dry and comfortable while foraging in damp environments.
GPS Unit: Consider investing in a handheld GPS unit, especially if you plan to forage in remote or unfamiliar areas. It can help you navigate back to your starting point and avoid getting lost.
Bell: Attaching a bell to your clothing or bag can be helpful, especially if you are foraging with others. It allows your companions to hear your movements and maintain group awareness.
Gloves: Gloves can protect your hands when handling thorny plants or itchy vegetation. They provide a barrier against irritants and offer a secure grip when collecting mushrooms.
Binoculars: Binoculars can be useful for spotting mushroom clusters high up in trees or identifying potential foraging areas from a distance. They can help you locate mushrooms without having to get too close.
Dehydrator: A dehydrator is useful for preserving your mushroom harvest. It helps to dry the mushrooms, extending their shelf life and allowing you to store them for future use.
Remember, when it comes to mushroom picking equipment, focus on practicality, safety, and sustainability. Always prioritize proper mushroom identification and sustainable harvesting practices to ensure a positive impact on the environment.
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Frequently asked questions
You should take a knife to cut the mushrooms from the ground, a basket or cloth bag to collect the mushrooms, and a mushroom brush to clean them.
There are two schools of thought: either cut the fruit bodies from the ground or twist and pull them. Cutting the mushrooms may be better for easily identified species as it minimises disturbance.
Ignore rules of thumb such as "if an animal has nibbled it, it's fine" or "mushrooms that smell good are edible". The best way to identify a mushroom is to join a mycological society and learn from experts.
Use a knife to trim soil from the base of the mushroom and a mushroom brush to remove any remaining dirt, sand, or forest debris.
Place the mushrooms gill/pore-side down in a basket or paper bag and store them in the refrigerator. They will keep for up to a week. Remember to cook the mushrooms before eating them.
