Laura Smith
Mushrooms can be identified by the colour they turn when bruised or cut. Some mushrooms are known to bruise in shades of blue, green, red, pink, purple, or brown. For example, the Agaricus bisporus (white button mushroom) bruises pinkish, while the Russula rubescens bruises reddish and then turns black. The colour change can be used to determine whether a mushroom is toxic or edible. For instance, blue-bruising boletes are toxic and should be avoided. The speed of discolouration can also be an indicator of mushroom type, with some taking up to an hour to stain.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Reason for bruising | To indicate the presence of psilocybin and/or psilocin |
| Colour of bruises | Blue, reddish, green, orange, pinkish, purple, brown |
| Mushroom types that bruise | Psilocybe cubensis, Russula rubescens, Lactarius deliciosus, Agaricus bisporus, Boletus campestris, Lactarius helvus, Lactarius chrysorrheus, Mycena haematopus |
| Parts that bruise | Stem, cap, gills, pores |
| Time taken to stain | Up to an hour, usually less than 5 minutes |
| How to bruise a mushroom | Cutting off the top, squeezing the stem |
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What You'll Learn
Why do mushrooms bruise blue?
Mushrooms that contain the psychotropic compounds psilocybin and psilocin are known to instantly develop a blue coloration when they are cut or bruised. This includes the famous magic mushroom or Psilocybe, which is a hallucinogenic mushroom. The blue colour is due to the presence of indigo-like pigments, similar to the dye used to produce blue jeans.
While the exact mechanism of the colour change is not fully understood, it is believed to be a result of the degradation of unstable psilocybin and psilocin to unknown compounds by enzymes within the mushroom cells. This process is known as the "bluing reaction". The more a mushroom is bruised, the less potent it becomes as the active compounds degrade.
The bluing reaction is not limited to psychedelic mushrooms, as some non-psychedelic mushroom species, such as certain Boletus species, also exhibit a bluing reaction, although it is likely due to different molecules and a different reaction pathway.
The blue bruising can be influenced by environmental factors such as microbial contamination, and it can be prevented by adding antioxidants like ascorbic acid or sodium ascorbate.
It is important to note that not all mushrooms that contain psilocybin and psilocin will bruise blue, and some mushrooms that do not contain these compounds can still exhibit a bluing reaction. The tendency to bruise blue varies among different strains of magic mushrooms.
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How to identify mushrooms through bruising
Identifying mushrooms through bruising is a technique used by mushroom hunters and enthusiasts to determine the species of a mushroom and, in some cases, its potency or toxicity. While bruising is a well-known phenomenon, the exact mechanisms behind it are still being studied. Here is a guide on how to identify mushrooms through bruising:
Understanding Mushroom Bruising
Mushroom bruising occurs when the mushroom's flesh is damaged or bruised, resulting in a colour change. This colour change can vary across different mushroom species, ranging from blue, green, red, pink, purple, or brown. Some mushrooms may also exhibit "bleeding," where they release coloured liquids when cut or bruised.
Examining Bruising Colour and Location
When identifying a mushroom through bruising, it is essential to note the exact colour of the bruise. For example, the common rule for boletes is to avoid those with red pore surfaces that bruise blue, as many of them are toxic. Additionally, observe which parts of the mushroom stain—the stem, cap, gills, or pores. For instance, some mushroom gills may stain, but their stems and caps do not.
Timing the Colour Change
The time it takes for the bruising to occur is also a crucial factor in identification. Use a timer to see how long it takes for the colour change to happen. Most identification guides use a 5-minute marker. The mushroom may change colour in less than 5 minutes, more than 5 minutes, or not at all.
Identifying Common Mushroom Bruising Patterns
Several mushrooms are known for their distinctive bruising patterns. For example, the Agaricus bisporus (white button mushroom) usually bruises pinkish. The Russula rubescens bruises reddish and then slowly turns black. The Lactarius deliciosus, or saffron milk cap, bruises green but does not change colour when its gills are cut, instead bleeding orange. Psilocybe cubensis, a hallucinogenic mushroom, bruises shades of blue or blue-green.
Considerations and Precautions
While bruising can aid in mushroom identification, it is not always a definitive indicator of species or safety. Some mushrooms that contain psilocybin and psilocin, the compounds associated with psychedelic effects, may not exhibit any bruising at all. Additionally, the presence of bruising may impact the potency of psilocybin mushrooms, as it indicates the degradation of psilocin. As a precaution, it is recommended to avoid consuming wild mushrooms unless you are absolutely certain of their identification and edibility.
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The effect of bruising on potency
When it comes to the potency of mushrooms, the act of bruising can have varying effects depending on the species and the context in which the bruising occurs. In general, bruising refers to the physical damage inflicted on the mushroom's fruit body, which can range from minor scratches to deep wounds.
One of the most common and well-known effects of bruising on mushrooms is the acceleration of spore release. Mushrooms, as fungi, have a unique reproductive strategy that involves the dispersal of spores. When the mushroom's cap or gill tissue is damaged, it can trigger the release of spores, which is often seen as a defensive mechanism to ensure the survival of the fungus. This spore discharge can result in a visible dusting of the surrounding area, and while it may reduce the immediate potency of the mushroom in terms of edibility or medicinal value, it contributes to the propagation and dispersal of the species.
Bruising can also impact the degradation of bioactive compounds within mushrooms. Many mushrooms are prized for their medicinal properties, which are attributed to specific compounds they produce. When a mushroom is bruised, enzymes may be released that can break down these compounds, potentially reducing their concentration and, consequently, the potency of the mushroom. This is particularly relevant for mushrooms used in natural medicine, as the degradation of these compounds may diminish their therapeutic effects.
Additionally, bruising can provide an entry point for bacteria and other microorganisms, which can lead to infection and further degradation of the mushroom's tissue. This can result in a reduction of potency in terms of both nutritional value and medicinal properties, as the mushroom's resources are diverted to fight off the infection, and its tissue may become compromised.
It is important to note that the effect of bruising on potency can vary depending on the species of mushroom and the specific compounds they produce. Some mushrooms may be more resilient to physical damage, while others may experience a more rapid decline in potency. Additionally, the age of the mushroom and the environmental conditions can also play a role, as older mushrooms or those exposed to excessive moisture or extreme temperatures may be more susceptible to the negative effects of bruising.
In conclusion, while bruising mushrooms may have some impact on their potency, the specific effects can vary widely depending on a multitude of factors. Understanding the potential consequences of bruising can help foragers, cultivators, and consumers make informed decisions regarding the handling, storage, and use of mushrooms to optimize their potency and minimize any negative impacts.
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How to bruise a mushroom's stem
Mushrooms bruise when there is a discolouration from damage or injury to the mushroom tissue. This can be caused by handling, environmental factors, or physical impact. The most common sign of bruising is a change in colour on the mushroom cap, stem, or mycelium. This can range from blue or green to brown, depending on the mushroom species and the severity of the damage.
To bruise a mushroom stem, you can try squeezing or applying slight pressure to the stem, which can lead to visible discolouration. However, it is important to note that bruising is not a reliable method for determining the edibility or safety of a mushroom. It should be used in combination with other identification methods.
When identifying mushrooms through bruising, it is important to consider the location and pattern of the discolouration. Bruising usually appears in areas that have been physically handled or stressed, and it often has a uniform colour change. Contamination, on the other hand, can appear in patches with irregular edges and can include colours like black, pink, or a fuzzy texture that is different from the mycelium.
Additionally, bruising can be an indicator of underlying stress in the growing environment. Identifying and addressing the causes of bruising can help improve overall mushroom health and yield. Stable environmental conditions, such as consistent temperature, humidity, and air circulation, can help prevent bruising caused by environmental stress.
It is also worth noting that some mushroom species are known for their tendency to bruise, such as Psilocybe cubensis, which bruises shades of blue or blue-green. However, not all mushrooms that contain psilocybin will bruise, and bruising is not an indicator of potency or effectiveness.
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The ecological role of mushroom bruising
Mushrooms bruise when there is damage or stress to the mushroom tissue. This can be caused by physical damage, such as rough handling, or by environmental factors, like rapid changes in temperature or humidity. The most common sign of bruising is a change in colour on the mushroom's cap, stem, or mycelium. This discolouration can range from blue or green to brown, depending on the species and the severity of the damage.
Some mushrooms, such as those from the genus Psilocybe, instantly develop a blue colouration when they are cut or bruised. This is due to the presence of the psychotropic compound psilocybin. While the ecological role of mushroom bruising is not yet fully understood, it is hypothesised that the blue pigments may serve a protective role by acting as a repellent against predators. The compounds may produce reactive oxygen species, which are toxic to insects that nibble on the mushrooms. This defence mechanism is similar to that of cyanide-releasing plant glycosides or mushroom metabolites, which also provide a wound-activated chemical defence.
The ability of mushrooms to bruise and change colour can also be used as an aid in mushroom identification. For example, the common rule for boletes is to avoid consuming those that have a red pore surface and bruise blue, as many of these are toxic. Other mushrooms that bruise include the Agaricus bisporus, which bruises pinkish, and the Russula rubescens, which bruises reddish and then turns black.
While bruising is primarily a cosmetic issue and does not significantly impact the mushroom's edibility or potency, it can affect the marketability of mushrooms intended for sale. Additionally, bruising can be an indicator of underlying stress in the growing environment, and addressing the causes of bruising can help improve overall mushroom health and yield.
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Frequently asked questions
You can bruise a mushroom by cutting or squeezing it.
Blue bruising in mushrooms is caused by the presence of psilocybin and/or psilocin reacting with other compounds in the mushroom.
Mushroom bruising may serve to protect the fungi from insects, as the blue bruises contain toxic compounds.
Note the time it takes for the bruise to appear, the exact colour, and which parts of the mushroom are stained. Compare this information with a mushroom identification guide.
Some mushrooms that bruise include Agaricus bisporus (white button mushroom), Russula rubescens, Lactarius chrysorrheus, and Psilocybe cubensis.
