Michael Davis
Mushroom pinning is the process that takes place in the first stages of mushroom formation. It involves the production of fruiting bodies that we know as mushrooms. To induce pinning, cultivators must understand the specific pinning triggers for different mushroom species. These triggers include temperature change, humidity increase, substrate shock, timely fruiting, and yield optimization. For example, lowering temperatures and increasing humidity can help initiate pinning by simulating autumn-like conditions. Additionally, reducing CO2 levels and providing light are also important factors in inducing mushroom pinning. By carefully manipulating these environmental conditions, growers can effectively induce the formation of pins and manage the growth and development of mushrooms.
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What You'll Learn
Cold shock and humidity
Cold Shock:
Cold shock involves subjecting colonized mushroom cakes to a sudden drop in temperature before introducing them to fruiting conditions. This technique, also known as temperature shock, was commonly used for oyster mushroom strains in the past. However, it is important to note that the effectiveness of cold shock varies among different mushroom species. For example, shiitake mushrooms are known to respond well to a sudden drop in temperature to stimulate pinning. When attempting cold shock, gradually lower the temperature over a period of several hours, aiming for a temperature range of 2°C to 4°C (35°F to 39°F) for 12-24 hours. A rapid decrease in temperature is not recommended, as it can lead to condensation, which may be detrimental to the mushrooms.
Humidity:
Maintaining optimal humidity levels is critical for successful mushroom pinning. In general, mushroom pins require high humidity levels, typically between 85% to 95% during the pinning stage. Lower humidity can cause the pins to dry out and stop growing, while excessively high humidity can lead to mould and bacterial contamination. Oyster mushrooms, for instance, prefer higher humidity levels and more frequent air exchanges. It is important to research the specific humidity requirements of the mushroom species you are cultivating to ensure optimal growth conditions. Additionally, misting the substrate and pinning mushrooms regularly with a fine mist can help maintain the desired humidity levels and prevent damage to the fragile primordia.
Combined Effects:
Both cold shock and humidity play a role in inducing mushroom pinning, but they are not independent factors. When combining cold shock with humidity management, it is crucial to gradually lower the temperature while maintaining the desired humidity levels. This delicate balance ensures that the mushrooms receive the necessary environmental cues for pinning without suffering from excessive condensation or dryness. Additionally, proper air exchange and CO2 level management are essential aspects of humidity control, as fresh air helps maintain ideal CO2 levels and promotes healthy pin development.
In summary, inducing mushroom pinning through cold shock and humidity requires a careful balance of temperature, humidity, and air exchange. While cold shock may not be effective for all mushroom varieties, it can provide a triggering effect for certain species. Maintaining optimal humidity levels and providing adequate fresh air are crucial for successful pinning and the subsequent formation of healthy fruiting bodies.
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Lighting and fanning
Lighting is an important factor in inducing mushroom pinning. Although light is not necessary for the induction of fruiting in fungi, specific light spectra have been found to stimulate the initiation of pins and are essential for the normal development of the fruiting body. For example, Psilocybe Сubensis and Panaeolus are photosensitive species that require light to form pins. During the pinning stage, light serves as a key environmental trigger that signals to the mycelium that it should transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. Therefore, providing a consistent light source with a 12-hour on/off cycle is recommended to encourage healthy pin development.
Fresh air exchange is crucial for maintaining optimal CO2 levels, which are directly related to pinning. For the normal pinning process, CO2 levels should be between 600 and 800 ppm, with lower levels being preferable. Proper air exchange also helps promote healthy pin development and reduces the risk of mold and bacterial contamination.
Fanning is another technique used to induce mushroom pinning. However, opinions vary on the effectiveness of fanning. Some sources suggest that fanning can slow down pinning because higher CO2 levels help induce pinning. Therefore, it is recommended to reduce fanning until pins are visible and then increase airflow during fruiting. In contrast, other sources recommend manual fanning 2-3 times a day for certain setups, such as a Growbox, if natural fresh air exchange is insufficient.
Overall, lighting and fresh air exchange play critical roles in inducing mushroom pinning, while the role of fanning depends on specific conditions and setups.
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CO2 levels and temperature
CO2 Levels:
- CO2 levels need to be carefully monitored and controlled during pinning. While mushrooms require oxygen for growth, high CO2 levels can hinder pinning and favour “legging”, where the mushroom cap is smaller than the body.
- The recommended CO2 level during pinning is below 1000 ppm, with some sources suggesting a range of 600-800 ppm. CO2 levels above 1000 ppm can negatively impact the pin set.
- To achieve optimal CO2 levels, fresh air exchange is crucial. Increasing air circulation through methods like fanning or using a low tunnel can help lower CO2 concentrations.
Temperature:
- Lower temperatures are favourable for inducing pinning. The recommended temperature range is between 53 to 64°F (12 to 18°C), with some sources suggesting a range of 55 to 70°F for specific species like Cubensis.
- During the fruiting stage, the temperature in the substrate can be 1-2°F higher than the air temperature in the fruiting chamber. In colder months, additional heating may be required, while cooling or air conditioning may be necessary during hotter months.
- Temperature fluctuations are more manageable for mushrooms after the initial pinning stage. Visual confirmation of the substrate's readiness for fruiting conditions is essential, as temperature variations can influence the colonisation process.
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Misting and spraying
Misting Techniques:
- Frequency of Misting: Mist the growing kit two to three times a day for the first four days. This ensures high humidity, which is crucial for mushroom pinning.
- Misting Duration: Continue daily misting even after the initial four days. However, adjust the frequency based on the moisture level of the substrate. Mist when the surface layer isn't visibly holding moisture.
- Misting Method: Use a spray bottle or a kitchen sink nozzle attachment to mist the growing kit. You can also use a hand mister for quick squirts of water.
- Misting Intensity: Avoid over-saturating the substrate. Misting should aim to simulate natural conditions, and wild mushrooms benefit from rainfall without becoming waterlogged.
- Direct Misting: You can mist directly onto the substrate and pins as long as there is good airflow. Use a fine mister to avoid bruising the delicate mycelium and pins.
- Indirect Misting: If you prefer a gentler approach, mist above the tub or substrate, allowing the water droplets to fall naturally. This method ensures that the pins and mycelium remain intact.
Spraying Techniques:
- Spraying Solution: Some mushroom growers suggest grinding up aborts and putting them in a spray bottle with water. This solution is then sprayed onto the mycelium, potentially triggering a robust pinset response.
- Spraying Frequency: Similar to misting, the frequency of spraying depends on the moisture level of the substrate. Spray when the surface appears dry, ensuring that the substrate doesn't become parched.
- Environmental Factors: Maintain optimal environmental conditions, including temperature, lighting, and humidity. Spraying and misting should be complemented by proper airflow, as stagnant air can lead to bacterial contamination.
- Container Considerations: Whether using a plastic bag, bucket, or container, ensure there are holes or openings for adequate air exchange. This prevents standing water droplets from lingering and provides essential oxygen to the developing mushrooms.
- Harvesting and Resting: After harvesting the first flush of mushrooms, let the kit rest for 2-3 weeks in a well-ventilated area to dry out. Then, resume the misting routine to prepare for the next flush.
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Environmental triggers
Temperature Change
A drop in temperature can act as a trigger for pinning, mimicking the transition from summer to autumn in the mushroom's natural environment. Lower temperatures of around 53 to 64°F (12 to 18°C) are ideal for initiating pinning.
Humidity Increase
High humidity levels are crucial for pin formation and development, preventing the mycelium and young pins from drying out. Relative humidity should be maintained above 70%, with ideal levels between 80-95%. To achieve this, mist the growing kit or blocks two to three times a day until the pins reach the desired size.
Substrate Shock
Physical stimuli, such as lightly tapping the substrate or changing the watering patterns, can trigger pinning in some cases.
Light Exposure
Exposing the mycelium to light is an important trigger for pinning. Reducing CO2 levels by providing light signals to the mycelium that it has reached the surface and that it is a suitable environment for fruiting.
CO2 Levels
Lowering CO2 levels can induce pinning. CO2 levels should be maintained below 1200 ppm, and ideally below 1000 ppm, to avoid adversely affecting pin set formation.
By understanding and manipulating these environmental triggers, cultivators can successfully induce mushroom pinning and manage the growth and development of their mushroom crops.
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Frequently asked questions
The ideal environmental conditions for inducing mushroom pinning are lower temperatures, usually around 53 to 64°F (12 to 18°C), high humidity (RH levels of 85% or higher), fresh air exchange, and CO2 levels of less than 1000ppm.
Some techniques to induce pinning in mushrooms include cold shocking, exposing them to light, and fanning. Maintaining high humidity is also crucial, and this can be achieved by spraying the substrate directly or misting the growing area.
Mushroom pinning has been successfully induced when tiny bumps or white blobs start to form on the surface of the mycelium covering the substrate. These bumps will develop into hyphal knots, which further grow into baby mushrooms or pinheads.
