John Miller
The use of magic mushrooms is a widely debated topic, with many curious about the effects of consuming different parts of the fungi. Magic mushrooms, or psychedelic mushrooms, belong to the genus Psilocybe and are known for their ability to produce psilocybin, a compound associated with psychedelic effects. With varying potencies and dosages, the question of whether one mushroom cap is enough arises. While the caps are believed to contain more active ingredients than the stems, the effects of consuming magic mushrooms depend on various factors, including dosage, species, and individual body weight.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Are mushroom caps enough for a psychedelic experience? | Yes, mushroom caps usually have higher psilocybin levels than stems. |
| How much is enough? | A low dose of 1 gram of magic mushrooms is likely to produce noticeable effects. |
| What are the risks? | Mushrooms should not be taken with psychiatric medications. Poisonous mushrooms can cause liver damage and even death. |
| How to dose safely? | Know the species, source, and dose. Choose a comfortable setting. Avoid negative media and stressors before consumption. |
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What You'll Learn
Magic mushroom potency varies by species
The potency of magic mushrooms varies significantly across different species, strains, and individual mushrooms. The active substances in magic mushrooms are psilocin, psilocybin, and, to a lesser extent, baeocystin. Typically, mushrooms contain 1% of these psychoactive compounds, but this can vary from 0.1% to 2% of dry weight. For example, the Penis Envy strain has double the potency of the Golden Emperor.
Psilocybe cubensis is one of the most commonly sourced species of magic mushroom because it is the most easily cultivated. It is found in tropical climates worldwide and has been the subject of much research. Wild Psilocybe cubensis has psilocybin concentrations ranging from 0.14% to 0.42% and psilocin concentrations ranging from 0.37% to 1.30%. Commercially bought grow kits can provide a better idea about the potency, making Psilocybe cubensis great for beginners.
Other species, such as Psilocybe azurescens and some varieties within the Panaeolus genus, are known to be generally stronger than Psilocybe cubensis. The exploration of the Panaeolus genus' potential is still in its early stages, but experts predict that its potency could improve three- to four-fold in cultivation.
The potency of magic mushrooms also depends on factors such as the freshness of the fungi, the individual's mental state, and their body's preparedness for the fungi. Tolerance develops rapidly with continued use, and discontinuing use for about a week can return people to their normal tolerance levels.
It is crucial to approach magic mushrooms with caution, as they can induce "bad trips" and "body load" issues. Some people may experience flashbacks involving previous magic mushroom experiences, which can be disturbing. The main risk of taking magic mushrooms is that some look very similar to poisonous mushrooms, so it is essential to know what you are consuming.
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Caps vs stems: which has more psilocybin?
While it is generally believed that the caps of psychedelic mushrooms contain more psilocybin than the stems, the answer is a little more complicated.
One study found that the caps of P. cubensis mushrooms contain more psilocybin and psilocin than the stems. However, other studies and experienced users claim that the difference in potency between the caps and stems is negligible. The levels of psilocybin and psilocin can vary from mushroom to mushroom, even within the same batch.
The belief that mushroom caps are more potent may be due to a similar belief regarding Amanita muscaria mushrooms, which are also psychedelic. Additionally, the structure of cannabis plants, which tend to have higher potency buds near the top, may contribute to this assumption. However, comparing mushroom potency with cannabis potency is flawed, as the potency of mushrooms can vary, even within the same strain. For example, the Golden Emperor strain has brown, crusty caps that account for most of the mushroom's weight and are more potent than the stems, while the Penis Envy strain has a small cap that is less distinguishable from the stem, and the stems are more potent than the caps.
Some factors that may influence the psilocybin content of mushroom caps and stems include light exposure, nutrients, and maturity. Caps exposed to light and elements may produce more psilocybin as a defence mechanism, and starved fungi may divert energy to cap alkaloids. Baby mushrooms (primordia) have uneven potency, while full-grown caps peak in potency before sporulation. Stems are denser and heavier when fresh, but drying evens out the psilocybin content between caps and stems.
While the debate about the relative potency of caps and stems is ongoing, it is important to consider the overall potency and quality of the mushrooms, rather than prioritising one over the other.
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How much psilocybin is in a common Psilocybe species?
Psilocybin mushrooms, commonly known as magic mushrooms, shrooms, or psychedelic mushrooms, are a polyphyletic informal group of fungi that contain the prodrug psilocybin. The most potent species are members of the genus Psilocybe, such as P. azurescens, P. semilanceata, and P. cyanescens. However, psilocybin has also been found in a dozen other genera, including Panaeolus, Copelandia, Inocybe, Pluteus, Gymnopilus, and Pholiotina.
The Psilocybe genus contains 116 species of psilocybin-containing mushrooms, with the number potentially increasing to 144 species, according to a 2005 review by Guzmán. The most common species within this genus is Psilocybe cubensis, which is widely distributed and easy to cultivate. It is also known as the golden halo, golden teacher, cube, or gold cap.
The psilocybin content in Psilocybe mushrooms typically ranges from 0.5% to 1% of the dried weight, with a wider range of 0.03% to 1.78%. Psilocybe cubensis, in particular, has been reported to contain approximately 0.63% psilocybin and about 0.6% psilocin, or roughly 1.2% of both compounds combined. However, the psilocybin and psilocin levels can vary significantly between different strains of P. cubensis, with the 'Penis Envy' strain considered more potent than others.
The concentration of psilocybin and psilocin in the whole mushroom can range from 0.14% to 0.42% of wet weight and 0.37% to 1.30% of dry weight. In the cap, the range is slightly higher, at 0.17% to 0.78% of wet weight and 0.44% to 1.35% of dry weight. The stem typically contains lower amounts, with a range of 0.09% to 0.30% of wet weight and 0.05% to 1.27% of dry weight.
It is important to note that the psilocybin and psilocin content can vary depending on factors such as age, storage method, individual body composition, brain chemistry, and psychological predisposition. While it is difficult to overdose on psilocybin mushrooms due to their low toxicity, elevated levels of psilocin can cause acute serotonin syndrome. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately determine the psilocybin content in mushroom samples and understand the potential risks associated with consumption.
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How to dose magic mushrooms
It is important to understand the potency of magic mushrooms before consuming them. The overall effect of a particular strain of mushroom can vary significantly from another. For example, the Penis Envy strain of mushrooms has been found to have double the potency of the Golden Emperor strain.
The general recommended dose of magic mushrooms is between 1 and 2 grams of dried mushrooms. However, it is important to note that this dose should not be taken as a recommendation and can vary depending on the type of mushroom and individual factors. Drying magic mushrooms reduces their weight but not their potency, so it is crucial to weigh the mushrooms accurately to avoid taking too high a dose.
When dosing magic mushrooms, it is essential to identify the correct type of mushroom, as many mushrooms growing in the wild are not edible and can be harmful or even poisonous. It is also important to plan your dose in advance and wait at least two hours before re-dosing. Magic mushrooms should not be consumed on a full stomach, as it may cause nausea. It is recommended to have some food about 1-2 hours beforehand.
It is advised to avoid mixing magic mushrooms with other drugs, including alcohol and medications, as this can increase the risk of negative effects. Magic mushrooms should also be avoided by individuals taking psychiatric medications, as it may lead to a relapse or worsening of the condition. Additionally, individuals experiencing anxiety or discomfort should refrain from consuming magic mushrooms, as it may heighten these feelings.
It is important to note that the use of magic mushrooms can sometimes result in a 'bad trip' or negative experience. If you choose to take magic mushrooms, it is recommended to have a 'straight/sober' friend around and consider your mindset and environment beforehand.
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The risks of taking magic mushrooms
Magic mushrooms, also known as shrooms, contain psilocybin, a hallucinogenic substance. While they are mostly illegal in the US, some US cities have decriminalized them. They are also illegal in Australia.
Poisoning: The main risk of taking magic mushrooms is accidentally consuming poisonous mushrooms. Poisonous mushrooms can make you severely ill and can even be fatal. Some symptoms of mushroom poisoning include muscle spasms, confusion, and delirium. It is important to know what type of mushroom you are consuming, and if you are unsure, it is best to avoid consuming them.
Bad trips: A "bad trip" refers to the negative effects that can occur after taking magic mushrooms. This can include feelings of anxiety, paranoia, and short-term psychosis. The risk of a bad trip is higher if the person takes a higher dose or has feelings of anxiety before consuming the mushrooms. Being in a calm, quiet, and relaxed environment with trusted friends can reduce the risk of a bad trip.
Flashbacks: Some people who regularly use magic mushrooms may experience flashbacks, which are visual distortions or traumatic recalls of previous experiences. These flashbacks can occur anywhere from weeks to years after using the hallucinogen and can be disturbing, especially if a frightening experience is recalled.
Interaction with other substances: Taking magic mushrooms with other drugs or medications can be unpredictable and dangerous. Combining magic mushrooms with certain drugs, such as ice, speed, or ecstasy, can increase the chances of a bad trip and lead to panic. People on psychiatric medications should avoid taking magic mushrooms as it could lead to a relapse or worsening of their condition.
Physical side effects: While magic mushrooms are not known to cause physical dependence or addiction, they can have some unpleasant physical side effects. These may include nausea, vomiting, headaches, increased heart rate, and changes in body temperature.
It is important to note that the effects of magic mushrooms can vary widely, and while they rarely result in life-threatening symptoms, they should be approached with caution.
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Frequently asked questions
A low dose of magic mushrooms is considered to be 1 gram, which will produce noticeable effects, such as euphoria and enhanced senses. A high dose is considered to be 3.5 grams of dried Psilocybe cubensis, which is likely to contain 35 mg of psilocybin. However, it is important to know what species of mushroom you are consuming, as potency varies by species.
Aside from the dose, the effects of magic mushrooms can be influenced by your environment and state of mind. It is recommended to choose a comfortable, familiar, and safe setting, and to avoid consuming mushrooms if you are in a negative or stressful mindset.
It is commonly assumed that mushroom caps contain more psilocybin than stems, and this is generally true. However, there is significant variability among samples, and more research is needed to confirm this.
