Laura Smith
Psilocybin mushrooms, more commonly known as magic mushrooms or shrooms, are a polyphyletic informal group of fungi that contain the prodrug psilocybin, which turns into the psychedelic psilocin upon ingestion. The effects of psilocybin mushrooms include hallucinations, an altered state of consciousness, and an inability to discern fantasy from reality. The length and intensity of each mushroom trip vary depending on the user's mood, personality, expectations, and the dose and type of mushroom used. While psilocybin mushrooms have been shown to have a wide range of health benefits, they are mostly illegal in the US and are controlled internationally under the United Nations Drug Control Conventions.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Common names | Magic mushrooms, shrooms |
| Active ingredients | Psilocybin, Psilocin |
| Effects | Hallucinations, panic, anxiety, paranoia, nervousness, euphoria, muscle weakness, drowsiness, lack of coordination, dilated pupils, yawning, nausea, vomiting, increased blood pressure and heart rate |
| Duration of effects | 3 to 8 hours |
| Legality | Illegal in the US, Canada, and Australia |
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What You'll Learn
What are psilocybin mushrooms?
Psilocybin mushrooms, also known as magic mushrooms or shrooms, are a type of hallucinogenic mushroom. They contain the prodrug psilocybin, which turns into the psychedelic psilocin upon ingestion. The effects of psilocybin mushrooms are subjective and can vary considerably among individual users. The mind-altering effects typically last from three to eight hours, depending on dosage, preparation method, and personal metabolism.
The most potent species of psilocybin mushrooms are members of the genus Psilocybe, such as P. azurescens, P. semilanceata, and P. cyanescens. However, psilocybin has also been isolated from several other genera, including Panaeolus, Inocybe, Pluteus, Gymnopilus, and Pholiotina. Psilocybe cubensis, for example, grows naturally in tropical and subtropical conditions, often near cattle due to the ideal conditions they provide for the fungus. There are over 200 species of psilocybin mushrooms, and many of them look alike, making it difficult to distinguish between them. This poses a risk to consumers as some mushrooms are extremely poisonous and can make people very ill or even kill them.
Psilocybin mushrooms can be consumed in various forms, including fresh or dried whole mushrooms, extracts, edibles, or tea. Microdosing has become a popular technique, involving taking less than 1 gram of dried mushrooms for a milder experience. The effects of psilocybin mushrooms include hallucinations, an altered state of consciousness, and an inability to discern fantasy from reality. Physical effects may also occur, such as nausea, vomiting, euphoria, muscle weakness or relaxation, drowsiness, and lack of coordination.
The use of psilocybin mushrooms has a long history, dating back to prehistoric times. They may be depicted in Stone Age rock art in Africa and Europe and are more certainly represented in pre-Columbian sculptures and glyphs throughout the Americas. In modern times, their use has been associated with psychedelia and youth counterculture, particularly in the 1960s. Despite their potential benefits, psilocybin mushrooms are considered illegal in many places, including most of the United States, where they are classified as a Schedule I drug.
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How are they consumed?
Psilocybin mushrooms, commonly known as magic mushrooms or shrooms, are a type of hallucinogenic mushroom. They are mostly illegal in the US, but some states have decriminalized their use.
Magic mushrooms can be consumed in a variety of ways. They may be eaten fresh or dried, or turned into extracts or food products such as mushroom tea or mushroom edibles. They can also be purchased as products containing psilocybin, such as psychedelic mushroom stores in some jurisdictions.
The psychological consequences of psilocybin use include hallucinations and an inability to discern fantasy from reality. Panic reactions and psychosis may also occur, especially with a large dose. The setting in which someone takes a psychedelic drug also influences its effects. For example, using magic mushrooms in a calm, quiet, and relaxed environment can contribute to a pleasant experience, while being in a noisy, crowded place may result in a negative experience.
It is important to note that there is a risk of misidentifying mushrooms and consuming a toxic mushroom instead of one containing psilocybin. Some commercial products marketed as containing psilocybin have been found to contain toxic chemicals and have caused severe illness. Therefore, it is important to use an established guide or grower that produces trusted quality mushrooms.
Microdosing is another way of consuming psilocybin mushrooms, where people take a very small amount of a hallucinogenic substance, usually 5-10% of a typical recreational dose, so that they do not experience hallucinogenic effects. Some people microdose psilocybin in the hopes that it will improve mental health issues like depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
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What are the effects?
Psychedelic mushrooms, also known as magic mushrooms, are a polyphyletic informal group of fungi that contain the prodrug psilocybin, which turns into the psychedelic psilocin upon ingestion. Psilocybin is a hallucinogenic chemical that binds to and activates serotonin receptors in parts of the brain, such as the prefrontal cortex and amygdala, which affect mood, cognition, and perception.
The effects of psilocybin mushrooms typically appear around 20 minutes to half an hour after ingestion and can last up to 6 hours. The first 3-4 hours after ingestion are typically referred to as the 'peak', during which the user experiences more vivid visuals and distortions in reality. The effects can seem longer than they are due to psilocybin's ability to alter time perception. The mind-altering effects of psilocybin-containing mushrooms depend on dosage, preparation method, and personal metabolism.
Psilocybin mushrooms can cause a range of physical and psychological effects. Physical effects may include nausea, vomiting, euphoria, muscle weakness or relaxation, drowsiness, and lack of coordination. Psychological effects include hallucinations, sensory distortions, and an inability to discern fantasy from reality. Psilocybin can also cause extreme fear, anxiety, panic, or paranoia, which is known as a "
Some people who regularly use magic mushrooms may experience flashbacks, which are usually visual distortions that involve changes in emotions or perception. These flashbacks can occur weeks, months, or even years after the drug was last taken and can be triggered by stress, tiredness, or exercise.
Microdosing has become a popular technique for many users, involving taking less than 1 gram of dried mushrooms for an experience that is not as intense but still recreationally enjoyable. A microdose is about 10% of a recreational dose and may be taken up to three times a week. Research suggests that psilocybin may have short-term and long-term antidepressant effects, and it is being studied as a potential treatment for depression and anxiety disorders. However, it is important to note that the effects of psilocybin are highly subjective and can vary considerably among individual users.
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What are the risks?
Psychedelic mushrooms, often referred to as magic mushrooms or shrooms, are fungi that contain the mind-altering compounds psilocybin and psilocin. When ingested, these compounds can induce a range of psychological effects, including hallucinations, altered perception of time and space, and spiritual experiences. While some people seek out these mushrooms for their perceived therapeutic or recreational benefits, it is important to be aware of the associated risks.
The risks associated with the use of psychedelic mushrooms can be divided into several categories, including physical, psychological, and legal risks. One of the primary physical risks is mushroom misidentification. It can be difficult for inexperienced foragers to distinguish between psychedelic mushroom species and toxic or poisonous look-alikes. Consuming the wrong type of mushroom can lead to severe illness or even death. It is always advisable to have an expert identify the mushrooms before consumption to avoid accidental poisoning.
Another physical risk arises from the unpredictable nature of the psychedelic experience. Ingesting these mushrooms can lead to a "bad trip," which may involve intense fear, anxiety, paranoia, and a loss of control. During a bad trip, individuals may engage in risky behaviors, endangering themselves or others. It is important to have a trusted tripsitter present to provide support and ensure safety during the psychedelic experience.
Psychedelic mushrooms can also have negative psychological effects, particularly for those with pre-existing mental health conditions. Ingesting these substances can trigger latent mental health issues or exacerbate existing ones. People with a personal or family history of mental illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe depression, are at a higher risk of adverse reactions. It is crucial for individuals with mental health concerns to refrain from using psychedelic mushrooms without the supervision of a qualified mental health professional.
In addition to the immediate risks, there are potential long-term effects associated with psychedelic mushroom use. Regular and prolonged use of these substances may lead to persistent psychosis, hallucinations, or flashbacks, known as hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD). This condition can cause individuals to experience sensory disturbances, such as seeing trails or halos, long after the effects of the mushrooms have worn off. The exact causes and prevalence of HPPD are not well understood, but it underlines the importance of moderate and responsible use.
It is also important to consider the legal implications of using psychedelic mushrooms. In many countries and jurisdictions, these substances are illegal, and possession, cultivation, and distribution can result in criminal charges and penalties. The legal status of psychedelic mushrooms varies widely, and it is essential to be aware of the laws in your specific region. While there are ongoing efforts to decriminalize and legalize these substances for therapeutic use, it is currently a regulated area that carries legal risks.
Furthermore, it is worth noting that the combination of psychedelic mushrooms with other substances, including prescription medications, can lead to dangerous interactions. Some medications, such as antidepressants or blood pressure drugs, may intensify the effects of psilocybin or lead to adverse reactions. It is always advisable to consult a healthcare professional before consuming psychedelic mushrooms, especially if you are taking any medications or have underlying health conditions.
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Are they illegal?
Psilocybin mushrooms, commonly known as magic mushrooms or shrooms, are a type of hallucinogenic mushroom that contains the prodrug psilocybin. When ingested, psilocybin is converted into psilocin by the liver, resulting in psychedelic effects. These mushrooms have been used for recreational, medicinal, and religious purposes by various cultures throughout history.
The legal status of psilocybin mushrooms varies across different jurisdictions. Psilocybin and psilocin are classified as Schedule I drugs under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, which requires its members to prohibit these substances. However, the mushrooms themselves were not specifically included in the convention due to pressure from the Mexican government. As a result, the legal status of psilocybin mushrooms differs among countries.
In the United States, for example, psilocybin and psilocin have been regulated at the federal level since 1965. The possession, manufacture, or sale of these substances is generally prohibited, and violations can result in criminal charges. Some states, like California, Georgia, and Idaho, have specifically banned the sale and possession of psilocybin mushroom spores. However, New Mexico has ruled that growing psilocybin mushrooms does not constitute "manufacturing" a controlled substance. As of 2023, Colorado has become the second US state to decriminalize psilocybin mushrooms.
In other countries, such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and Japan, psilocybin mushrooms are also regulated or prohibited under various drug laws. For instance, the UK Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and the Canadian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act are examples of national legislation that reflect the terms of the UN convention.
On the other hand, there have been recent moves towards decriminalization and legalization in some jurisdictions. For instance, the District of Columbia passed the Entheogenic Plant and Fungus Policy Act in 2020, allowing the possession and non-profit distribution of psilocybin mushrooms. Similarly, the Canadian province of Alberta has regulated and allowed the use of psilocybin for medicinal purposes in drug-assisted psychotherapy. In Australia, psilocybin has been approved for use in prescription medications for treating PTSD and treatment-resistant depression.
It is important to note that the legal landscape surrounding psilocybin mushrooms is evolving, with increasing scientific research and political support for therapeutic and medicinal uses. Initiatives like the Psychedelics Legalization & Decriminalization Tracker by Psychedelic Alpha, Calyx Law, and the UC Berkeley Center for the Science of Psychedelics (BCSP) provide updates on state-level bills and initiatives focused on decriminalization and legal access to psychedelic therapies.
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