John Miller
Medicinal mushrooms have been used for thousands of years to treat infections, lung disease, cancer, and other conditions. In recent years, they have become part of the sphere of dietary supplements, widely employed for their purported health benefits. There are many different types of mushroom supplements on the market, including reishi, lion's mane, shiitake, and turkey tail. However, it is important to note that the health claims of these supplements are not always supported by scientific research, and the safety and effectiveness of mushroom supplements have not been confirmed by regulatory bodies like the FDA. Nonetheless, mushrooms are a rich source of bioactive compounds, and ongoing research is exploring their potential benefits in areas such as immune system support, cancer treatment, protection against diabetes and heart disease, and anti-inflammatory effects.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| History | Mushrooms have been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years, especially in Asian regions. |
| Types | Functional mushrooms include reishi, cordyceps, shiitake, turkey tail, lion's mane, and more. |
| Forms | Mushroom supplements can come in pill, powder, coffee alternative, or whole food form. |
| Benefits | Potential benefits include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, immune-boosting, and neuroprotective effects. |
| Precautions | Research in humans is limited, and supplements are not regulated by the FDA. Side effects and interactions with medications may occur. |
| Recommendation | Consult a doctor or registered dietitian before taking mushroom supplements. |
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What You'll Learn
The health benefits of mushroom supplements
Mushrooms have been used for thousands of years in traditional medicine, particularly in Asia. In recent times, they have become a popular dietary supplement, with purported health benefits beyond basic nutrition.
One of the most widely used medicinal mushrooms is Ganoderma lucidum, also known as ling zhi or reishi. It has been used to promote well-being and longevity in traditional Chinese medicine. Reishi mushroom supplements are said to stimulate cytokine production from immune cells, support immune modulation and have antioxidant properties.
Lion's mane mushrooms have also been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. Modern science suggests they may have several health benefits, including fighting dementia, treating nerve damage, managing diabetes, and preventing ulcers. They are also said to contain potent antioxidants, which limit the damage of free radicals in the body. However, there is limited research on humans, and no lion's mane mushroom products have been approved for the treatment of any condition.
Shiitake mushrooms are another variety with high amounts of ergothioneine, a potent antioxidant. They are also the foundation of AHCC (Active Hexose Correlated Compound), a proprietary cultured extract.
Consuming any edible mushroom in whole food form has benefits for gut health and blood sugar control. This is due to their richness in prebiotic fibres, which keep our microbiome healthy by stimulating the growth of healthy bacteria.
It is important to note that many mushroom supplements have not been thoroughly tested for safety and effectiveness, and there is a lack of standardisation across manufacturers. Therefore, it is recommended to consult a doctor or registered dietitian before adding mushroom supplements to your routine.
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The safety of mushroom supplements
Mushrooms are a fungus, and some people may have an allergy to them, so it is important to get approval from a healthcare provider before taking mushroom supplements. In addition, some mushrooms contain elevated levels of oxalates, which can cause inflammation and joint pain in certain individuals. There is also research indicating that mushroom supplements may cause stomach upset in some people.
Furthermore, the mushroom supplement market is largely unregulated, and there are many different species, doses, preparations, and manufacturing practices. This lack of standardization means that consumers must be cautious and conduct thorough research before purchasing mushroom supplements.
While some studies have shown promising results, such as the use of turkey tail extract in Japan to help immune cell damage caused by chemotherapy, it is important to note that most of the data comes from animal studies and has not yet been tested in humans. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not approved any mushroom products sold as dietary supplements for the treatment of any medical condition. Therefore, while mushroom supplements are generally safe, consumers should be cautious and consult with healthcare professionals before use.
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The types of mushroom supplements
Mushrooms have been used for thousands of years to treat various diseases and infections, especially in Asia. They are now commonly used as dietary supplements, particularly in the field of oncology.
There are several types of mushroom supplements, each with unique properties and health benefits. Here are some of the most common types:
Lion's Mane
Lion's Mane mushrooms contain important compounds such as beta-glucans, which are immunomodulating antioxidants and neuroprotective phytonutrients. Research suggests that Lion's Mane may help induce Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) synthesis in nerve cells, promote nerve tissue growth, and support motor function. It is also being studied for its potential cognitive benefits.
Turkey Tail
Turkey Tail mushrooms are known to boost immune system function by stimulating cytokine production, increasing natural killer cells, and through other immune-boosting functions. They contain protein-bound polysaccharides (PBP), which have the most research-backed immune-supportive effects. Turkey Tail is considered safe for long-term use and is one of the most common mushroom species worldwide.
Cordyceps
Cordyceps militaris extract is often sold as a supplement and has been verified for quality by third-party laboratories. It contains a high amount of beta-D-glucans and cordycepin and is claimed to have various health benefits.
Chaga
Chaga mushrooms are known to boost digestion and promote healthy skin. They have been studied for their potential use in treating skin and stomach disorders.
Reishi
Also known as Ganoderma lucidum or ling zhi, Reishi is one of the most widely used medicinal mushrooms. It has been a part of traditional Chinese medicine for centuries and is now listed in the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and Therapeutic Compendium. Reishi is often used as an adjuvant in cancer treatment and is marketed in various nutraceuticals and supplements.
Shiitake
Shiitake mushrooms are rich in vitamin B6 and are known to help maintain low cholesterol levels. They contain compounds that inhibit cholesterol production, block its absorption, and lower overall cholesterol levels in the blood.
It is important to note that while these mushrooms have been studied for their potential health benefits, the research is still ongoing, and the effectiveness of mushroom supplements may vary.
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The history of mushroom supplements
The use of mushrooms for their medicinal properties dates back thousands of years. Ancient civilisations such as the Egyptians, Romans, and indigenous Kumeyaay communities of Northern Mexico revered mushrooms as powerful healing remedies. In Egypt, they were known as the 'plants of immortality', bestowed by the god Osiris and reserved exclusively for royalty.
Moving forward to ancient China, Tremella mushrooms were used by concubine Yang Guifei, one of the "Four Great Beauties" of Chinese history, to maintain her youthful appearance. Tremella is still widely used in China today as a tonic to promote health, longevity, and beauty. Another type of mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, or ling zhi/reishi, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries to promote well-being and longevity. It is now listed in the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and is used as an adjuvant in cancer treatment.
In addition to their use in ancient civilisations, mushrooms have also played a significant role in modern medicine. The discovery of penicillin in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming revolutionised medicine and highlighted the immense potential of fungi. Today, medicinal mushrooms are used as adjuncts to standard cancer treatments in Japan and China, and have a long history of safe use in combination with chemotherapy.
Lion's mane mushrooms, in particular, have been used in traditional medicine for centuries. They are native to Asia and are now available in supplement form worldwide. While there is limited research on their long-term safety and effectiveness, lab and animal studies suggest they may have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, among other potential health benefits.
The functional use of mushrooms in medicine has evolved from ancient folklore to modern pharmaceuticals, with ongoing research and scientific advancements continuing to uncover their complex health benefits.
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The effectiveness of mushroom supplements
Mushrooms have been used for their medicinal properties since ancient times, especially in Asian regions. They are now available in the form of dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, and mycotherapy products. Medicinal mushrooms are reported to have a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antiallergic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiviral, cytotoxic, immunomodulating, antidepressive, antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, digestive, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, osteoprotective, and hypotensive activities.
However, it is important to note that many mushroom supplements on the market have not been adequately tested in humans. Most of the research supporting the health claims of these supplements comes from preclinical, in vitro, or animal studies, with little or no scientific support from human clinical trials. The lack of standardization in the doses, preparations, and manufacturing practices of mushroom supplements also makes it difficult to compare the effectiveness of different products.
Despite the limited scientific evidence, some studies suggest that mushroom supplements may offer health benefits. For example, a 2020 review of eight studies found that consuming certain types of mushrooms orally, in combination with conventional cancer treatments like chemotherapy, may improve quality of life and reduce adverse effects. The review also suggested potential antitumor activity and immune system benefits, but further research is needed to confirm these findings. Another systematic review in 2023 examined 39 studies and found that certain mushrooms offered possible survival benefits for people with liver, breast, and gastric cancers.
Lion's mane, a type of mushroom, has shown promising results in human research. A 49-week study found that individuals with mild Alzheimer's disease who took lion's mane mushroom extract daily experienced improved cognition and better daily living skills compared to those given a placebo. Additionally, biomarkers linked to Alzheimer's disease declined in the placebo group but remained stable or improved in the lion's mane extract group.
While mushroom supplements may offer potential health benefits, they cannot replace a healthy diet. It is important to consult a healthcare professional before taking any supplements, especially for individuals with specific medical conditions or those taking medications, as they can interact with treatments and have unintended effects.
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Frequently asked questions
Mushroom supplements are extracts or powders produced from various types of mushrooms. They are often marketed as having health benefits, such as improving physical well-being and treating numerous diseases. However, it is important to note that the health claims associated with mushroom supplements have not been extensively studied in humans, and there is limited scientific support for their effectiveness.
Mushrooms are a source of ergothioneine, an amino acid and antioxidant that may help prevent or slow cellular damage. They are also naturally low in sodium and can be used as a substitute for red meat, helping to reduce cholesterol levels and maintain a healthy blood pressure. Additionally, mushrooms contain vitamin B6, which is important for the formation of red blood cells, proteins, and DNA. Some specific types of mushrooms used in supplements, such as lion's mane and reishi, have been studied for their potential benefits in treating cognitive impairment, nerve damage, diabetes, and preventing ulcers.
Yes, it is important to be cautious when taking any supplement, including mushroom supplements. Some mushroom supplements may interact with certain medications, such as blood pressure or diabetes medications. Additionally, some people may experience side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, skin sensitivity, headache, or allergic reactions. It is always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before taking any supplement to ensure it is safe and appropriate for your individual needs.
