Laura Smith
Magic mushrooms, or shrooms, are a type of hallucinogenic mushroom that contains the prodrug psilocybin, which turns into the psychedelic psilocin upon ingestion. There are over 200 species of magic mushrooms, with the most potent species being members of the genus Psilocybe, such as P. azurescens, P. semilanceata, and P. cyanescens. Psilocybe Cubensis is the most popular variety and tends to grow in wood chips and sandy soils. The effects of magic mushrooms vary from person to person and can include hallucinations, an altered state of consciousness, nausea, vomiting, euphoria, muscle weakness, drowsiness, and lack of coordination. It's important to note that the active ingredients in magic mushrooms are controlled substances in many countries, and their use may carry health risks.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Active ingredients | Psilocybin, psilocin, baeocystin |
| Appearance | Conic to bell-like cap shape when young, becoming convex to flat with age; reddish cinnamon brown when young, becoming more golden brown to pale yellow or nearly white with age; the center region (umbo) is a darker cinnamon brown; the cap is 1.5–8 cm wide (up to 3 inches) and the stem is 40–150 mm long (up to 6 inches) and 5–15 mm thick |
| Species | Over 200 species of magic mushrooms, including Psilocybe Cubensis, P. azurescens, P. semilanceata, P. cyanescens, Copelandia, Inocybe, Pluteus, Gymnopilus, Pholiotina, Cyclocybe, and Hygrophorus |
| Effects | Hallucinations, altered state of consciousness, sensory changes (visual, auditory, tactile), emotional changes, altered perception of time and space, nausea, vomiting, euphoria, muscle weakness or relaxation, drowsiness, lack of coordination, "bad trips" (paranoia, loss of boundaries, distorted sense of self), flashbacks, heightened anxiety |
| Legality | Illegal in many places, including Canada and Australia; activities such as sale, possession, and production may be prohibited unless authorized by relevant authorities |
| Safety | No known physical or psychological dependence, but possible to develop tolerance with regular use; no approved therapeutic products; may have dangerous interactions with other substances, including alcohol, cannabis, amphetamines, and certain medications |
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What You'll Learn
Psilocybin and psilocin mushrooms
Psilocybin and psilocin are hallucinogens that produce effects similar to LSD. They are found in certain types of mushrooms, commonly known as magic mushrooms or shrooms. These mushrooms are a polyphyletic informal group of fungi that contain the prodrug psilocybin, which turns into the psychedelic psilocin upon ingestion. The most potent species are members of the genus Psilocybe, such as P. azurescens, P. semilanceata, and P. cyanescens. However, psilocybin has also been isolated from a dozen other genera, including Panaeolus (Copelandia), Inocybe, Pluteus, Gymnopilus, and Pholiotina.
Psilocybin-containing mushrooms may be consumed in various forms, including whole dried or fresh mushrooms, extracts, edibles, tea, or food products. People may also consume them as a brewed tea or prepare them with food to mask their bitter taste. Manufacturers can also crush dried mushrooms into a powder and prepare them in capsule form, or cover them with chocolate. The effects of psilocybin mushrooms typically last from three to eight hours, depending on dosage, preparation method, and personal metabolism. The first 3-4 hours after ingestion are typically referred to as the "peak," where the user experiences more vivid visuals and distortions in reality. The effects can seem longer due to psilocybin's ability to alter time perception.
It is important to note that psilocybin and psilocin mushrooms are controlled substances under international law and in various countries, including Canada and Australia. There are penalties for possessing, using, or selling these mushrooms in these countries. Additionally, there may be adverse effects associated with their use, including negative experiences or "bad trips", flashbacks, and, in rare cases, accidental poisoning from misidentifying poisonous mushrooms.
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How to identify and avoid poisonous mushrooms
It is important to be able to identify and avoid poisonous mushrooms, as some can be deadly. The best way to do this is to be able to identify the individual mushrooms you find and to be 100% sure of their identity before consuming them. There are many ways to identify mushrooms, and all should be employed when out foraging.
Firstly, it is important to learn about the local poisonous mushrooms and be able to distinguish them from edible mushrooms. Some of the most poisonous mushrooms have gills, so a good rule of thumb is to avoid all gilled mushrooms unless you can identify them with complete certainty. You can also learn which family the fungus belongs to—while there are toxic members of the Agaric family, for example, they are distinguishable by their pink to brown/black gills, white cap, and stout stem with a skirt. If you bruise the cap and it stains bright chrome yellow, it is likely poisonous.
You should also pay attention to the mushroom's growing conditions. What kind of tree is it growing on or under? Are they growing singly or in a ring, troop, or tuft? What is the size, shape, and texture of the stem? Does it have a ring or skirt, and are there any markings on it?
Some other rules to follow when identifying poisonous mushrooms include:
- Avoid mushrooms with white gills, a skirt or ring on the stem, and a bulbous or sack-like base (called a volva).
- Avoid mushrooms with red on the cap or stem.
- Avoid mushrooms with gelatinous caps after rainfall, nipple-like protrusions at the center, or those that grow in clusters, as these are traits of magic mushrooms, which are psychedelic.
- Avoid the Amanita family, which includes the Destroying Angel and the Death Cap, some of the most poisonous mushrooms in the UK.
- If you are in North America, avoid Paxillus involutus, which can cause a rare immune response.
Remember, never taste a wild mushroom to try to determine if it is poisonous, as this could lead to an early grave. When in doubt, throw it out.
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Best times and places to find psychedelic mushrooms
The best time to look for psychedelic mushrooms is during the autumn, in the damp and cool season. The hotter and drier nature of summer tends to push magic mushroom mycelium into overdrive, causing them to spread their underground networks. In the damper autumn conditions, the magic mushroom mycelium is ready to fruit, making them much more abundant and easier to find.
Psychedelic mushrooms, or magic mushrooms, are a type of hallucinogenic mushroom and a polyphyletic informal group of fungi that contain the prodrug psilocybin, which turns into the psychedelic psilocin upon ingestion. The most potent species are members of the genus Psilocybe, such as P. azurescens, P. semilanceata, and P. cyanescens. However, psilocybin has also been found in a dozen other genera, including Panaeolus (including Copelandia), Inocybe, Pluteus, Gymnopilus, and Pholiotina.
When hunting for magic mushrooms, it is important to be able to identify the genus by noting the physical traits of the mushrooms. Some questions to consider include: Do the mushrooms grow in clumps with a joined base, or individually? How big are they? What is their texture? Are they slimy or dry? Brittle or tough? Can you see gills under the cap? What do the stem and cap look like? What colour do they bruise where they have been damaged?
After noting the physical traits, the next step is to take a spore print. This involves cutting the cap away from the stem and placing it gill-side down on a piece of paper. If the mushroom is known to have a white or light print, use black paper. Leave the cap alone for 30-60 minutes, and then remove it. The characteristics of the spore print, combined with an analysis of the mushroom's physical features, are usually enough to identify the genus by eye.
It is important to note that there are over 200 species of magic mushrooms, and many species look alike. Therefore, it can be challenging to distinguish between them. Misidentification can lead to the consumption of poisonous mushrooms, which can have serious health consequences.
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How to prepare and consume psychedelic mushrooms
Psychedelic mushrooms, also known as magic mushrooms, shrooms, or liberty caps, are a wild variety of mushrooms with hallucinogenic effects on the human brain. The active ingredients in magic mushrooms are chemicals called psilocybin and psilocin, which are controlled internationally under the United Nations Drug Control Conventions.
When preparing and consuming psychedelic mushrooms, it is important to follow these steps:
Picking and Identifying Mushrooms:
Before consuming any wild mushroom, it is crucial to correctly identify the species. Many species of mushrooms look similar, and consuming the wrong type can be dangerous or even fatal. The most potent psychedelic mushroom species belong to the genus Psilocybe, such as P. azurescens, P. semilanceata, and P. cyanescens. However, psilocybin is also present in other genera, including Panaeolus, Inocybe, Pluteus, Gymnopilus, and Pholiotina.
Drying and Storing Mushrooms:
Most magic mushrooms are sold in their dried form, which makes it easier to grind them into a fine powder. This powder can be stored in a dry, airtight container to maintain potency and prolong shelf life.
Consumption Methods:
Psychedelic mushrooms can be consumed in various ways, and the chosen method depends on personal preference. Here are some common ways to consume them:
- Tea: Brewing mushroom tea is a popular method. Simply steep the dried mushrooms in hot water for a few minutes before drinking.
- Capsules: The mushroom powder can be divided into doses and encapsulated using empty capsules purchased from a pharmacy or health food store.
- Edibles: The powder can be added to food or sprinkled on dishes to mask the bitter taste. Common choices include smoothies, risottos, or even gummy candies.
- Fresh or Dried: Some people choose to consume the mushrooms directly, either fresh or dried. However, they may have a bitter taste that some find unpleasant.
Dosage and Setting:
The dosage of psychedelic mushrooms depends on individual factors such as body weight, metabolism, and tolerance. It is generally recommended to start with a low dose and gradually increase as needed. Additionally, the setting, or environment, in which the mushrooms are consumed, is crucial. A comfortable, familiar, and calm setting with trusted friends can contribute to a positive experience.
Potential Risks and Side Effects:
It is important to be aware of the potential risks and side effects associated with consuming psychedelic mushrooms:
- Bad Trips: Negative experiences, known as "bad trips," can occur, especially at high doses or in an uncomfortable setting. They may include paranoia, anxiety, panic attacks, distorted senses, and frightening hallucinations.
- Flashbacks: Some users experience "flashbacks," where they relive parts of a previous trip, even when no longer under the influence.
- Physical Effects: Nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, drowsiness, and lack of coordination are common physical side effects.
- Psychological Risks: In rare cases, consuming large doses or prolonged use may lead to the development of long-term mental health conditions, such as psychosis.
- Drug Interactions: Combining magic mushrooms with other substances, including prescription medications, can lead to unpredictable and dangerous effects.
It is important to approach the consumption of psychedelic mushrooms with caution and to be well-informed about the potential risks and legal implications associated with their use.
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The psychological consequences of consuming psychedelic mushrooms
Consuming psychedelic mushrooms can lead to a range of psychological consequences, with the effects varying from person to person. The psychological effects of psychedelic mushrooms are subjective and can differ significantly between users. The active ingredients in psychedelic mushrooms, psilocybin and psilocin, are hallucinogens that produce effects similar to LSD. The psychological consequences of consuming these mushrooms include:
Hallucinations and Distorted Reality: Psilocybin mushrooms cause hallucinations and an altered state of consciousness, making it difficult for users to discern fantasy from reality. Visual and auditory hallucinations are common, followed by emotional changes and a distorted perception of time and space.
Psychosis and Panic Reactions: High doses of psilocybin can induce panic reactions and short-term psychosis, particularly in individuals with a history of psychiatric conditions. This may include paranoia, loss of boundaries, and a distorted sense of self.
Flashbacks: Regular users of psychedelic mushrooms may experience "flashbacks," involving previous mushroom experiences. These flashbacks can manifest as visual distortions, emotional changes, or altered perceptions, occurring weeks, months, or even years after the last consumption.
Impaired Judgment and Risk-Taking: Bad trips can occur, especially at high doses, leading to impaired judgment and risk-taking behaviour. This may result in traumatic injuries or even death, as individuals may act on their hallucinations or distorted sense of reality.
Individual Factors: The psychological consequences can be influenced by individual factors such as mental health history, setting or environment, quantity consumed, and expectations. A comfortable and familiar environment, a positive state of mind, and trusted company can contribute to a more positive experience. Conversely, a negative environment, anxiety, or stress can increase the risk of a bad trip.
While the long-term psychological effects of psychedelic mushrooms are not fully understood, there is limited evidence of addiction or physical dependence. However, regular use can lead to tolerance, with higher doses required to achieve the desired effects. It is crucial to approach the consumption of psychedelic mushrooms with caution, considering the potential risks and impact on overall well-being.
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Frequently asked questions
The effects of consuming psychedelic mushrooms vary from person to person and depend on the dosage, preparation method, and personal metabolism. The active ingredients in psychedelic mushrooms are chemicals called psilocybin and psilocin, which are hallucinogens that produce effects similar to LSD. The effects include hallucinations, an altered state of consciousness, euphoria, muscle weakness or relaxation, drowsiness, and lack of coordination. The experience may be frightening and may include paranoia, loss of boundaries, and a distorted sense of self.
Consuming psychedelic mushrooms can lead to a "bad trip", especially at high doses or when consumed in a negative environment. This may include panic reactions, psychosis, and flashbacks involving previous experiences with the drug. There is also a risk of poisoning if non-psychedelic mushrooms are mistakenly consumed. In addition, consuming psychedelic mushrooms with other drugs or substances can elevate the risk of serious side effects.
Psychedelic mushrooms can be found in various parts of the world, including the United States, Mexico, Cuba, Central America, northern South America, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Australia. They typically grow out of the poop of cattle, horses, or elephants, or in grounds rich in this manure. The best months to pick them are May and June, but they can be found until January.
